Electronic Supplementary Material (ESM)

Investigating functional redundancy versus complementarity in Hawaiian herbivorous coral reef fishes

Emily L. A. Kelly a*, Yoan Eynaud a, Samantha M. Clements a, Molly Gleason a, Russell T. Sparks b, Ivor D. Williams c, Jennifer E. Smith a

a Center for Marine Biodiversity and Conservation, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA

b Department of Land and Natural Resources, Division of Aquatic Resources, Maui Office, 130 Mahalani Street, Wailuku, HI 96768

c Coral Reef Ecosystem Program (CREP), Pacific Islands Fisheries Science Center (PIFSC), National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA IRC, 1845 Wasp Blvd. Building 176

Honolulu, HI 96818, USA

* corresponding author: (919) 949-7399;

Author Contributions: ELAK and JES conceived and designed the experiments. ELAK, SC, RT, IDW, and JES executed the field work and resulting additional research ideas. ELAK, SC, and MG analyzed samples in the lab. YE, ELAK, SC, MG and JES analyzed the data. ELAK wrote the manuscript with significant contributions and edits from all authors.

Supplementary materials:

Table S1 Results of distance-based test for homogeneity of dispersion as deviations from the centroid for all Bray Curtis Similarity (BCS) distances of log (x +1) transformed fish proportional bite data (F= 6.7424 ; df1 = 14, df2 = 269; P(perm) = 0.001)

Table S2 Algal functional forms used in gut content analysis and representative genera in Maui from those functional forms. Adapted from Steneck and Dethier 1994

Fig. S1 Average biomass of all herbivorous fish species at Kahekili Herbivore Fisheries Management Area from 2011-2012. Bars are SE

Fig. S2 (a) Percent similarity of bite rates and bite rate composition and (b) bite proportion and composition between and within herbivorous fish species. * indicates pair-wise comparison in which P(perm) < 0.05

Fig. S3 a) nMDS of all Bray Curtis Similarity (BCS) distances of log (x +1) transformed fish proportional bite data with b) a closer look at the most densely clustered data

Fig. S4 nMDS of average Bray Curtis Similarity (BCS) distances of log (x +1) transformed a) proportional gut contents for each herbivore species and b) proportional gut contents of turfing functional forms for each herbivore species. ACLE = Acanthurus leucopareius, ACNI = Acanthurus nigrofuscus, ACNG = Acanthurus nigroris, ACOL = Acanthurus olivaceus, ACTR = Acanthurus triostegus, CTST = Ctenochaetus strigosus

Supplementary materials:

Table S1

Herbivore / # fish / Average distance from centroid / SE
Acanthurus blochii / 7 / 7.89 / 1.6756
Acanthurus leucopareius / 11 / 4.7586 / 1.6948
Acanthurus nigrofuscus / 48 / 7.3171 / 1.5818
Acanthurus olivaceus / 27 / 16.204 / 2.9175
Acanthurus triostegus / 6 / 3.0964 / 1.2385
Calotomus carolinus / 18 / 16.309 / 1.3554
Chlorurus perspicillatus / 5 / 4.45E-16 / 0
Chlorurus spilurus / 9 / 4.4224 / 1.9348
Ctenochaetus strigosus / 37 / 10.109 / 1.4905
Naso brevirostris / 26 / 22.226 / 2.5501
Naso lituratus / 16 / 16.764 / 2.9482
Naso unicornis / 20 / 20.861 / 1.8747
Scarus psittacus / 26 / 7.6355 / 2.7087
Scarus rubroviolaceus / 15 / 4.7859 / 1.6354
Zebrasoma flavescens / 13 / 7.5669 / 2.6128

Table S2

Algal functional form / Representative genera on Maui
Cyanobacteria / Leptolyngbya, Moorea
Filamentous / Ceramium, Cladophora, Polysiphonia, Tolypiocladia
Foliose / Dictyota, Melanamansia, Ulva
Complex cylinder / Asparagopsis, Chondrophycus, Laurencia, Pterocladiella
Net-like / Martensia, Microdictyon
Coenocytic / Bryopsis, Caulerpa
Jointed calcareous / Amphiroa, Halimeda, Jania, Tricleocarpa
Encrusting / Lobophora
Calcified crust / Lithothamnion, Peyssonnelia
Leathery / Sargassum, Turbinaria

Figure S1

Figure S2a

Average similarity between/within species / Acanthurus blochii / Acanthurus leucopareius / Acanthurus nigrofuscus / Acanthurus olivaceus / Acanthurus triostegus / Calotomus carolinus / Chlorurus perspicillatus / Chlorurus spilurus / Ctenochaetus strigosus / Naso brevirostris / Naso lituratus / Naso unicornis / Scarus psittacus / Scarus rubroviolaceus / Zebrasoma flavescens
Acanthurus blochii
Acanthurus leucopareius
Acanthurus nigrofuscus / % Similarity
Acanthurus olivaceus / * / * / * / 80 – 100
Acanthurus triostegus / * / 60 – 79.99
Calotomus carolinus / * / * / 40 – 59.99
Chlorurus perspicillatus / *
Chlorurus spilurus / * / *
Ctenochaetus strigosus / * / *
Naso brevirostris / * / * / *
Naso lituratus / * / * / *
Naso unicornis / * / * / * / * / *
Scarus psittacus / * / * / * / * / *
Scarus rubroviolaceus / * / * / * / * / * / * / *
Zebrasoma flavescens / * / * / * / * / *

Figure S2b

Average Similarity between/within groups / Acanthurus blochii / Acanthurus leucopareius / Acanthurus nigrofuscus / Acanthurus olivaceus / Acanthurus triostegus / Calotomus carolinus / Chlorurus perspicillatus / Chlorurus spilurus / Ctenochaetus strigosus / Naso brevirostris / Naso lituratus / Naso unicornis / Scarus psittacus / Scarus rubroviolaceus / Zebrasoma flavescens
Acanthurus blochii
Acanthurus leucopareius
Acanthurus nigrofuscus / % Similarity
Acanthurus olivaceus / * / * / * / 80 – 100
Acanthurus triostegus / * / 60 – 79.99
Calotomus carolinus / * / * / 40 – 59.99
Chlorurus perspicillatus / *
Chlorurus spilurus / * / *
Ctenochaetus strigosus / * / *
Naso brevirostris / * / * / * / *
Naso lituratus / * / * / *
Naso unicornis / * / * / * / * / *
Scarus psittacus / * / * / * / * / *
Scarus rubroviolaceus / * / * / * / * / * / * / *
Zebrasoma flavescens / * / * / * / * / *


Figure S3

Figure S4