UNIT D: DNA REPLICATION

By the end of the unit, you should know...

  1. Name the four bases in DNA and describe the structure of DNA using the following terms: Nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, base), Complementary base pairing, Double Helix, and Hydrogen bonding
  1. Describe DNA replication with reference to three basic steps: “Unzipping”, Complementary base pairing, and Joining of adjacent nucleotides.
  1. Define recombinant DNA
  1. Describe three uses for recombinant DNA
  1. Compare and contrast the general structural composition of DNA and RNA

VOCABULARY WORDS

_____ Adenine

_____ Base

_____ Chromosomes

_____ Complementary

_____ Cytosine

_____ Dehydration synthesis

_____ Deoxyribose

_____ DNA

_____ DNA Polymerase

_____ Double helix

_____ Empirical formula

_____ Evolution

_____ Genome

_____ Guanine

_____ Hydrogen bonding

_____ Helicase

_____ Helix

_____ Histone

_____ Mutagen

_____ Mutate

_____ Nucleotide

_____ Pentose Sugar

_____ Plasmid

_____ Polymer

_____ Purine

_____ Pyrimidine

_____ Recombinant DNA

_____ Replicate

_____ Replication Bubble

_____ Ribonucleic acid

_____ Rosalind Franklin

_____ Semi-conservative

_____ Stem cell

_____ Sugar Phosphate Backbone

_____ Thymine

_____ Unzip

_____ Uracil

_____ Watson and Crick

UNIT D: DNA REPLICATION

Interesting Facts:

•Humans share _____% of their DNA with bananas.

•Cells can contain ______ feet of DNA. If all the DNA in your body was put end to end, it would reach to the sun and back over ______ times.

•DNA in all humans is ______% identical. It is about one tenth of one percent that makes us all unique, or about 3 million nucleotides difference.

•DNA can store ______ gigabytes of information per inch and is the most efficient storage system known to human. So, humans are better than computers!!

•In an average meal, you eat approximately ______cells or between ______ miles of DNA.

•It would take a person typing 60 words per minute, eight hours a day, around ______ years to type the human genome.

So What Do We Know?

DNA is composed of units called ______, which are composed of three sub-molecules:

1. ______ (deoxyribose)

2. ______

3. ______ (purine or pyrimidine)

DNA is composed of two ______ strands of nucleotides joined by ______:

______with ______

They join with 2 hydrogen bonds

______with ______

They join with 3 hydrogen bonds

DNA twists into a ______

Functions of DNA

  1. DNA ______machinery of a ______, and, therefore, DNA indirectly controls all of the functioning of all living things.
  1. DNA ______ of an individual
  1. DNA ______ (change). This allows for new characteristics & abilities to appear which may help an individual to survive & reproduce (______).
  1. Self replication: DNA has the ability to ______.

DNA REPLICATION

  1. DNA replication is called ‘______’.
  2. Semi-conservative replication is the process in which the ______of DNA ______and act as ______ for the synthesis of duplicate strands of DNA.
  3. One copy of a DNA molecule will split apart to make ______complete copies of itself. Each new DNA molecule is made up of ______molecule and ______ molecule.

STEPS TO DNA REPLICATION

  1. ______: The DNA molecule ‘Unzips’ as the ______ between the base pairs are ______. The enzyme ______ causes this unzipping to occur.
  1. ______:

Complementary ______ to bond with the complementary bases on the DNA chain.

  1. FORM ______: The nucleotides join as the sugars and phosphates bond to form a new backbone. This process occurs due to the enzyme ______which also checks for ______ as it goes.

  1. This process continues along the primary chain until we have ______ of DNA molecules (assuming there have been no errors made).

ERRORS = MUTATION

1) Mutations can occur ______or through ______factors.

Environmental ______include some ______(food additives, pesticides, plastics) and ______ (X-rays to UV light).

2)A ______ is a change of one or more ______ in a single gene. There are 3 types.

1)Addition

2)Deletion

3)Substitution

3)______: a mutation of ______of a chromosome. These ______.

RECOMBINANT DNA

Definition: ______

  1. Gene ______: add an extra copy of a gene (cows with huge teats to make double the milk) or deleting genes (removing the rotting hormone from tomatoes).
  1. Gene ______: repairing a gene (as in gene therapy).
  1. Gene ______: inserting genes from a different species to give a new function (as in making goats spider proteins in their milk or making bacteria that create human insulin).

Recombinant DNA refers to DNA which has been altered by joining genetic material from two different sources!