2004-015: Draft annex to ISPM 27- GenusAnastrepha
(2015_eSC_Nov_05: SC responses to member comments)
Comm.no. / Para.
no. / Comment
type / Comment / Explanation / Country / SC response
1. / G / Substantive / I support the document as it is and I have no comments / Lao People's Democratic Republic, Georgia, Thailand, United States of America, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand, Ghana, Korea, Republic of, OIRSA, Malawi, Burundi, Belize, Gabon / NOTED.
2. / G / Substantive / Suggest to supplement the relevant materials for this standard is not full. / This standard describe the identification of Genus Anastrepha. But there is large difference in the research for morphological classify and molecular biology , especially the complex species of Anastrephafraterculus is in the researching.The scientific basis is disputed. / China / Considered, but not incorporated.As described in the Introduction of DP, the diagnostics of the Anastrepha species especially relies on adult morphology, since today there is no globallyagreeddiagnostic protocol using molecular methods. In the case of AF cryptic species complex, there are no standardized methods for taxonomic identification of cryptic species.
Instead of a key ending in A. fraterculus species complex it will end in multiple species that cannot be separated using the key. These names can be updated in future revisions.There is currently no published molecular diagnostic to separate the species complex or to provide reliable identification of other species in the DP. Once those data are available the DP can be updated with new methods.
3. / G / Substantive / 1- Thestandardiswell-writtenanddetailedintermsofdiagnostics.Thekeysarerelevantandtheywork.
2-ThisstandardisveryrelevanttotheCaribbean
3- Paragraph46:Itisrecommendedthatanotherclearingagentotherthanxylenebeused.
4-ItisrecommendedthatthelabelsontheFiguresareconsistentwiththecharactersmentionedinthekeys.E.g.[204]Figure2
5-ThecaptionsfortheFiguresshouldbeplacedbeneaththerelevantdiagram / The use of xylene is being phased out due to its carcinogenic property. The diagrams appear after the captions and usually on the other page. / Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Kitts And Nevis, Dominica, Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda / 3-Modified.Changed for “Euparal”. Any other suggestion would be acceptable.
4- Modified. Figures and labels adjusted.
5- Considered. Editorial comment to be addressed in the final version of the DP once adopted.
4. / G / Substantive / 1-This Diagnostic Protocol (DP) presents the characteristics of the most economically relevant species. However there are many other species, what means that we can find Anastrepha species that are not contemplated in the protocol. As it is very difficult to get key to all species, we suggest (since it was a group of experts that drew up the protocol) that should be placed as an annex, a key that includes the largest number of species as possible.
2- For species key in the larval stage it would be recommended to include optical microscope images in addition to electron microscope photos, because they show better how the structures of the key would be seen. Observation with electron microscope is not a routine procedure and in many countries is costly, so that is not used in routine daily work. Therefore it would be convenient to have images showing the key structures under optical microscope. We are proposing to include some new figures, and if the proposal is accepted, numbering of Figures should be fixed accordingly.
3-It would also be useful to include an identification key for adults of Anastrepha. Although the PD includes a genus description it may be useful to include a key for differentiate the Anastrepha genus from other Tephritidaegenus. In this regard we propose the TPDP to consider the inclusion of Hernandez-Ortiz key. / This Diagnostic Protocol (DP) presents the characteristics of the most economically relevant species. However there are many other species, what means that we can find Anastrepha species that are not contemplated in the protocol. As it is very difficult to get key to all species, we suggest (since it was a group of experts that drew up the protocol) that should be placed as an annex, a key that includes the largest number of species as possible. For species key in the larval stage it would be recommended to include optical microscope images in addition to electron microscope photos, because they show better how the structures of the key would be seen. Observation with electron microscope is not a routine procedure and in many countries is costly, so that is not used in routine daily work. Therefore it would be convenient to have images showing the key structures under optical microscope. We are proposing to include some new figures, and if the proposal is accepted, numbering of Figures should be fixed accordingly. It would also be useful to include an identification key for adults of Anastrepha. Although the PD includes a genus description it may be useful to include a key for differentiate the Anastrepha genus from other Tephritidaegenus. In this regard we propose the TPDP to consider the inclusion of Hernandez-Ortiz key. t / COSAVE, Uruguay, Brazil, Peru, Chile, Argentina / 1-Considered, but not incorporated. Currently there are ca 250 known Anastrepha species, and many others undescribed. Therefore there is no a comprehensive key. The DP not intended to be an exhaustive taxonomic monograph of the genus, which is circumscribed to diagnose the species of most relevant or economic significance.Please note that revised literature includes some specific references for additional species taxonomy (eg, Norrbom et al. 2012).Moreover, it would be very difficult, for non-experienced person, to follow a full key to all species.
2- Considered, but not incorporated. Inclusion of additional figures on larval morphology under the optical microscope is difficult, because in general, there are not enough specific traits for larval identification. The DP defines in the introduction some limitations in identifying the immature stages and therefore preferably adult specimens are needed for a full identification.
3-Considered, but not incorporated.DP includes a diagnosis of the genus Anastrepha with the relevant characteristics to the case. It is not possible to consider a key to discard some or all Tephritidgenera,because a comprehensive handbook of all characters mentioned in the key will be needed. Users of this protocol will find support in the related literature cited.
5. / G / Substantive / 1) Suggest using "A. fraterculus species complex" instead of a number of different names as used in this protocol such as "A. fraterculussensulato" in paragraph [79], or "A. fraterculus (species complex)" in paragraph [132], or "A. fraterculus" in paragraph [134] and [136], and adding a description of the features of each known local population to appropriately reflect the recent progress in taxonomic research on A. fraterculus.
2) Add clear pictures or figures of the habitus (thorax in dorsal aspect, abdominal tergites and wings) of every species, as such pictures or figures are useful for identification.
3) Point out the names of parts using arrows in the pictures or figures. / Japan / 1-Incorporated.Change the term A.fraterculussensulatoby A.fraterculusspecies complex.
Adding a description of the features of local populations of the AF complex, because there is not enough information and morphometric methods would be needed at this time.This particularly comment was not accepted.
2-Considered, but not incorporated.It would be desirable to include the habitus photos of each one of the addressed species in the DP. These figures are helpful but not necessary to identify adults. These illustrations can be found at the website ( We would need to acknowledge the source for these illustrations but each species in the DP has a habitus on the site (see paragraph 188 for reference)One example was included.
3-Considered. Editorial comment to be addressed in the final version of the DP once adopted.
6. / 1 / Substantive / Draft Annex to ISPM27:2006 – Major economic significance species of genus Anastrepha GenusAnastrepha (2004-015) / The text was written only including 7 economic significance species of genus Anastrepha. / China / Considered, but not incorporated. This issue has been largely discussed for the development of DP. However most of the reviewers agree keeponly “Genus Anastrepha”. The DP covers the determination of the genus and some species of economic concern belonging togenus Anastrepha.
7. / 6 / Editorial / The family Tephritidae, members of which are commonly known as true fruit flies, comprises about 4450 species in 500 or so genera (Norrbom etal., 1999a, 1999b; Norrbom, 2004a) (the figure is about 4700 species currently, A.L. Norrbom, pers. comm., XXXX2014). The Tephritidae are distributed worldwide in temperate, tropical and subtropical regions. AnastrephaSchiner (Tephritidae: Toxotrypanini) is the largest genus of Tephritidae in the Americas, and is represented by more than 250 species that occur from the southern United States (Texas and Florida) to northern Argentina (Foote etal., 1993; Hernández-Ortiz, 1992; Hernández-Ortiz and Aluja, 1993; Norrbom, 2004a; Norrbom etal., 2012). At least sevensixspecies of Anastrephaare considered major economic pests because of the great importance of the cultivated fruits they attack (e.g. mango and citrus) and their wide host range; for example, the Mexican fruit fly, A.ludens (Loew); the West Indian fruit fly, A.obliqua(Macquart); the Caribbean fruit fly, A.suspensa(Loew);the guava fruit fly, A.striataSchiner;the sapodilla fruit fly, A.serpentina(Wiedemann); the melon fruit fly, A.grandis(Macquart); and the South American fruit fly, A.fraterculus(Wiedemann). The latter has been recognized as a cryptic species complex (Hernández-Ortiz etal., 2004, 2012). This diagnostic protocol for Anastrepha covers morphological identification of the genus and the species of major economic concern. For further general information about species of Tephritidae, see Norrbom (2010). / 1. Superfluous text.
2. Date needed for pers comm.
3. Seven species: A. ludens, A. obliqua, A. suspensa, A. striata, A. serpentina, A. grandis and A. fraterculus, or refer to A fraterculus separately.
4. Reference to common names is not necessary, complicates text and may generate difficulties in translation. / EPPO, European Union, Georgia, Serbia / 1- Incorporated
2- Incorporated
3- Incorporated
4- Incorporated. As the common names are in the usual item (Taxonomy) in Table 1. Common names are widely used for these species, including the vast literature available. The common name is used as a basic reference for those people who are not familiar with the group, without implying an official name for identification.
Only the scientific name is considered as valid in the diagnosis of species.
8. / 6 / Editorial / The family Tephritidae, members of which are commonly known as true fruit flies, comprises about 4450 species in 500 or so genera (Norrbom etal., 1999a, 1999b; Norrbom, 2004a) (the figure is about 4700 species currently, A.L. Norrbom, pers. comm., XXXX). The Tephritidae are distributed worldwide in temperate, tropical and subtropical regions. AnastrephaSchiner (Tephritidae: Toxotrypanini) is the largest genus of Tephritidae in the Americas, and is represented by more than 250 species that occur from the southern United States (Texas and Florida) to northern Argentina (Foote etal., 1993; Hernández-Ortiz, 1992; Hernández-Ortiz and Aluja, 1993; Norrbom, 2004a; Norrbom etal., 2012). At least sixseven species of Anastrepha are considered major economic pests because of the great importance of the cultivated fruits they attack (e.g. mango and citrus) and their wide host range; for example, the Mexican fruit fly, A.ludens (Loew); the West Indian fruit fly, A.obliqua(Macquart); the Caribbean fruit fly, A.suspensa(Loew); the guava fruit fly, A.striataSchiner; the sapodilla fruit fly, A.serpentina(Wiedemann); the melon fruit fly, A.grandis(Macquart); and the South American fruit fly, A.fraterculus(Wiedemann). The latter has been recognized as a cryptic species complex (Hernández-Ortiz etal., 2004, 2012). This diagnostic protocol for Anastrepha covers morphological identification of the genus and the species of major economic concern. For further general information about species of Tephritidae, see Norrbom (2010). / This protocol explains 7 species. / Japan / Incorporated
9. / 7 / Technical / The length of the tephritid life cycle varies according to genusotype as well as environmental and climatic conditions(Basso, 2003). Female Anastrepha deposit their eggs inside fruits. The number of eggs deposited per fruit is variable, and depends mainly on features of the host fruit such as size and ripeness (Malavasi etal., 1983), but each species also seems to have innate limits on the number of eggs laid (Aluja etal., 1999). Within several days, deposited eggs hatch and larvae emerge. Larvae usually feed on fruit pulp, but in some cases also or exclusively on seeds. Mature larvae usually leave the fruit to pupate in the ground, but in certain cases pupation can take place within the fruit. Adults usually emerge after a pupal period of 16–25days, and they require a period of sexual maturation of 5–20days after emergence. During this process the flies obtain food from homopteran secretions, bird faeces, and juice produced by ripe fruits (Prokopy and Roitberg, 1984). / "Genotype" seems too specific - there are many gentoypes in a species. Definitely life cycles vary between genera. / EPPO, European Union, Georgia, Serbia / Modified
10. / 9 / Editorial / The introduction of some cultivated exotic species such as Mangiferaindica and Citrus spp. have allowed some pest species of Anastrepha to expand their original areas of distribution and enhance their reproductive potential. However, they still have marked preferences for certain native hosts, which is probably indicative of their original host relationships. In this regard, the species A.suspensa, A.fraterculusand A. striatabreed mainly in hosts belonging to the family Myrtaceae, A.ludensin the Rutaceae, A.obliquain the Anacardiaceae, A.serpentinain the Sapotaceae, and A.grandisin the Cucurbitaceae (Norrbom, 2004b). / "A. triata" to be replaced by "A. striata" (cf. paragraphs [6] ret [19]). / EPPO, European Union, Georgia, Serbia / Incorporated
11. / 9 / Editorial / The introduction of some cultivated exotic species such as Mangiferaindica and Citrus spp. have allowed some pest species of Anastrepha to expand their original areas of distribution and enhance their reproductive potential. However, they still have marked preferences for certain native hosts, which is probably indicative of their original host relationships. In this regard, the species A.suspensa, A.fraterculusand A.Striatabreed mainly in hosts belonging to the family Myrtaceae, A.ludensin the Rutaceae, A.obliquain the Anacardiaceae, A.serpentinain the Sapotaceae, and A.grandisin the Cucurbitaceae (Norrbom, 2004b). / The correct scientific name is "Striata". / COSAVE, Uruguay, Brazil, Peru / Incorporated
12. / 9 / Editorial / The introduction of some cultivated exotic species such as Mangiferaindica and Citrus spp. have allowed some pest species of Anastrepha to expand their original areas of distribution and enhance their reproductive potential. However, they still have marked preferences for certain native hosts, which is probably indicative of their original host relationships. In this regard, the species A.suspensa, A.fraterculusand A. striatabreed mainly in hosts belonging to the family Myrtaceae, A.ludensin the Rutaceae, A.obliquain the Anacardiaceae, A.serpentinain the Sapotaceae, and A.grandisin the Cucurbitaceae (Norrbom, 2004b). / The correct scientific name is "striata". / Chile / Incorporated
13. / 9 / Editorial / The introduction of some cultivated exotic species such as Mangiferaindica and Citrus spp. have allowed some pest species of Anastrepha to expand their original areas of distribution and enhance their reproductive potential. However, they still have marked preferences for certain native hosts, which is probably indicative of their original host relationships. In this regard, the species A.suspensa, A.fraterculusand A.triatastriatabreed mainly in hosts belonging to the family Myrtaceae, A.ludensin the Rutaceae, A.obliquain the Anacardiaceae, A.serpentinain the Sapotaceae, and A.grandisin the Cucurbitaceae (Norrbom, 2004b). / Editorial correction / Japan / Incorporated
11. / 9 / Editorial / The introduction of some cultivated exotic species such as Mangiferaindica and Citrus spp. have allowed some pest species of Anastrepha to expand their original areas of distribution and enhance their reproductive potential. However, they still have marked preferences for certain native hosts, which is probably indicative of their original host relationships. In this regard, the species A.suspensa, A.fraterculusand A.Striatabreed mainly in hosts belonging to the family Myrtaceae, A.ludensin the Rutaceae, A.obliquain the Anacardiaceae, A.serpentinain the Sapotaceae, and A.grandisin the Cucurbitaceae (Norrbom, 2004b). / The correct scientific name is "Striata". / Argentina / Incorporated
15. / 9 / Technical / The introduction of some cultivated exotic species such as Mangiferaindica and Citrus spp. have allowed some pest species of Anastrepha to expand their original areas of distribution and enhance their reproductive potential. However, they still have marked preferences for certain native hosts, which is probably indicative of their original host relationships. In this regard, the species A.suspensa, A.fraterculusand A.striatabreed mainly in hosts belonging to the family Myrtaceae, A.ludensin the Rutaceae, A.obliquain the Anacardiaceae, A.serpentinain the Sapotaceae, and A.grandisin the Cucurbitaceae (Norrbom, 2004b). / The 's' is missing from A. striata / Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago, Saint Kitts And Nevis, Dominica, Barbados, Antigua and Barbuda / Incorporated
16. / 10 / Editorial / Among native hosts in the American tropics, there seems to be an ancestral association with plants that produce latex and particularly the family Sapotaceae. Sapotaceous fruits are frequent hosts of species of the dentata, leptozona, serpentina, daciformis, robustaand cryptostrepha groups(cryptic species complexes ). The Myrtaceae are also very important hosts: about 26 Anastrephaspecies, in particular belonging to the fraterculusgroup, have been reported in plants belonging to this family (Norrbom and Kim, 1988; Norrbom etal., 1999c). / The term "group" is not defined. Or replace "group" by "specIes complex" in the last sentence. / EPPO, European Union, Georgia, Serbia / Considered, but not incorporated. In the infrageneric classification of Anastrepha there are also "species groups" which include phylogenetically related species (see Norrbom et al. 1999; 2012 Norrbom et al.). So these groups do not correspond to cryptic species. The wording of paragraph is corrected.
17. / 19 / Editorial / Table 1. Common names and synonyms of fruit fly species of major economic significance belonging to the genus Anastrepha
Common name / Anastrephaspecies / Synonyms
South American fruit fly / Anastrephafraterculus(Wiedemann, 1830) / TephritismelleaWalker, 1837
Trypeta unicolor Loew, 1862
AnthomyiafrutalisWeyenbergh, 1874
Anastrephafraterculusvar. solutaBezzi, 1909
Anastrephaperuviana Townsend, 1913
Anastrephabraziliensis Greene, 1934
AnastrephacostarukmaniiCapoor, 1954
AnastrephascholaeCapoor, 1955
AnastrephapseudofraterculusCapoor, 1955
AnastrephalambayecaeKorytkowski and Ojeda, 1968