AP Biology

Heterotrophic Nutrition and Cellular Respiration

Chap 39 and 6 - Reading Guide

Chapters 39 and 6

Heterotrophic Nutrition, Digestion, and Cellular Respiration

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CHAPTER 39 – We will focus more on Sections 39.1 – 39.3

  1. What is a heterotroph? What do hetertrophs obtain from food?
  1. Define BMR.
  1. What is the only animal to exhibit intracellular digestion?
  1. What is the function of a digestive system?
  1. Which animals exhibit a simple gastrovascular cavity? Define gastrovascular cavity.
  1. Why is it possible for some animals to have a simple gastrovascular cavity rather than a complete digestive tract with separate circulatory system?
  1. What is the purpose of villi and microvilli in the small intestine?
  1. List the major digestive enzymes of humans, the substrates they act on, and where they are located within the human digestive system.

Chapter 6 QUESTIONS – Overview of Cell Respiration

  1. What is the overall equation for cellular respiration?
  1. What happens to the amount of potential energy of electrons as they shift from carbon and hydrogen toward oxygen in cellular respiration?
  1. What are the functions of NAD+ and FAD in cellular respiration?
  1. Contrast the following:

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation / Oxidative Phosphorylation
  1. Define chemiosmosis. Review the principles of chemiosmosis and the concept of the proton motive force.
  1. Describe the four phases of cellular respiration and include the location within the cell they occur:

Glycolysis / Pyruvate
Oxidation / Citric Acid Cycle / Electron Transport Chain
Description: / Description: / Description: / Description:
Location: / Location: / Location: / Location:

Glycolysis Summary

Energy Investment
Energy Yielding
In / Out
  1. Why is glycolysis considered anaerobic?
  1. What happens to pyruvate if oxygen is not available?

The Citric Acid Cycle – Acetyl CoA Prep

  1. Where does this reaction occur?
  1. Write the detailed reaction for the Preparatory Reaction below:

Acetyl CoA Prep per Pyruvate

In / Out

Acetyl CoA Prep per Glucose

In / Out

Citric Acid Cycle

Citric Acid Cycle Summary per Pyruvate

In / Out

Citric Acid Cycle Summary per Glucose

In / Out
  1. Complete the following chart by providing the number of each molecule produced per glucose molecule.

Molecule / # Produced per glucose / Molecule / # Produced per glucose
NADH / ATP
CO2 / FADH2

Electron Transport Chain

  1. What are the reactants and products of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation?

Reactants / Products
  1. As electrons are transported through the electron transport chain to oxygen, they lose potential energy. This energy is used to do what work?

Fermentation

Inputs / Outputs
  1. Compared to aerobic respiration, how efficient is fermentation?
  1. Where does the majority of potential energy of glucose reside after fermentation?
  1. Under what condition(s) does fermentation occur?
  1. Describe what happens during lactic acid fermentation.
  1. Why is replenishing NAD+ crucial to cellular metabolism?
  1. Summarize the total energy yield from glucose in human cells in the presence versus the absence of O2.

Metabolic Pool

Define:

Catabolism / Anabolism
  1. Most commonly glucose is represented as the molecule broken down in the respiration equation. Does this mean that glucose is the only source of energy in cellular respiration? Explain.
  1. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used fuel for cellular respiration. Trace the path of each of these food groups from the point of digestion in the intestines to where and in what form they enter cellular respiration.

Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins

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