JIM CROW LAWS
American Civil War 1861-1865
By 1860, slavery was on its way out. Most of the Northern states in America had stopped using slaves, as they realised it was unfair and unjust, and started building factories to produce their goods instead. The Southern states, however, were determined to continue using slaves.
When Abraham Lincoln (the president of USA) signed the Emancipation Proclamation in the 1860’s, 11 Southern states refused to agree that slaves were now free and decided to separate from the Northern states. They called themselves the ‘Confederacy’ up against the ‘Union’ in the North. This began the American Civil War that lasted until 1865, and slavery became illegal across the entire country.
Jim Crow laws 1876-1965
Even though African Americans were now free of slavery, they were still not treated as free, particularly in the south of America. They were segregated from the white community through laws known as the Jim Crow laws. These were state and local laws in force mainly in the Southern states of the United States between 1876 and 1965. They enforced the segregation and separation of blacks and whites in all public facilities (public schools, public places, public transportation, restrooms, restaurants etc.) and led to inferior treatment of African-Americans, although in theory they were designed to make things “separate but equal” (separation being supposedly in the interests of African-Americans because integration would expose them to white racism and would create low self-esteem). The name is thought to come from a popular song of the time.
Jim Crow was more than a series of rigid anti-Black laws. It was a way of life. Under Jim Crow, African Americans were relegated to the status of second class citizens. Jim Crow represented the legitimisation of anti-Black racism. Many Southern churches taught that Whites were the Chosen people, Blacks were cursed to be servants, and God supported racial segregation. Scientists, doctors, and professionals at every educational level, supported the belief that Blacks were intellectually and culturally inferior to Whites. Pro-racist politicians gave powerful speeches on the great danger of equality: the mongrelisation of the White race. Newspaper and magazine writers routinely referred to Blacks as niggers, coons, and darkies; and worse, their articles reinforced anti-Black stereotypes. Even children's games portrayed Blacks as inferior beings. The entire society of America was dedicated to making sure Blacks stayed in their lower class.
The Jim Crow system was supported by the following beliefs: Whites were superior to Blacks in all important ways, including intelligence, morality, and civilised behaviour; sexual relations between Blacks and Whites would produce a mongrel race which would destroy America; treating Blacks as equals would encourage interracial sexual unions; if necessary, violence must be used to keep Blacks at the bottom of the racial hierarchy. The following Jim Crow social rules operated;
a. A Black male could not offer his hand (to shake hands) with a White male because it implied being socially equal. Obviously, a Black male could not offer his hand or any other part of his body to a White woman, because he risked being accused of rape.
b. Blacks and Whites were not supposed to eat together. If they did eat together, Whites were to be served first, and some sort of partition was to be placed between them.
c. Under no circumstance was a Black male to offer to light the cigarette of a White female -- that gesture implied intimacy.
d. Blacks were not allowed to show public affection toward one another in public, especially kissing, because it offended Whites.
e. Jim Crow etiquette prescribed that Blacks were introduced to Whites, never Whites to Blacks. For example: "Mr. Peters (the White person), this is Charlie (the Black person), that I spoke to you about."
f. Whites did not use courtesy titles of respect when referring to Blacks, for example, Mr., Mrs., Miss., Sir, or Ma'am. Instead, Blacks were called by their first names. Blacks had to use courtesy titles when referring to Whites, and were not allowed to call them by their first names.
g. If a Black person rode in a car driven by a White person, the Black person sat in the back seat, or the back of a truck.
h. White motorists had the right-of-way at all intersections.
There was even a guide that offered these simple rules that Blacks were supposed to follow in speaking with Whites:
1. Never say or even act like a White person is lying.
2. Never suggest that a White person is from an inferior class.
3. Never show superior knowledge or intelligence to a White person.
4. Never curse a White person.
5. Never laugh mockingly at a White person.
6. Never comment upon the appearance of a White female.
In 1890, Louisiana passed the "Separate Carriage Law," which pretended to help passengers stay comfortable by creating "equal but separate" carriages for Blacks and Whites. This was a trick. There were absolutely no way to travel for Blacks that was equal to White facilities. Everything that was for Blacks was in terrible condition and barely worked. This Louisiana law made it illegal for Blacks to sit in coach seats reserved for Whites, and Whites could not sit in seats reserved for Blacks.
Jim Crow signs were placed above water fountains, door entrances and exits, and in front of public facilities. There were separate hospitals for Blacks and Whites, separate prisons, separate public and private schools, separate churches, separate cemeteries, separate public restrooms, and separate public accommodations. In most instances, the Black facilities were grossly inferior -- generally, older, less-well-kept. In other cases, there were no Black facilities -- no Colored public restroom, no public beach, no place to sit or eat.