Supplementary material
Predictors of Coercive Measures among Psychiatric Inpatients: A Nationwide Register-Based Cohort Study
Contents
Appendix 1: Assessment of Diagnosis, Self-harm and Coercive Measures
Table S1: Coercive measures given by patients’ sociodemographic and clinical characteristic at first admission
Table S2: Basic adjusted model for association between clinical variables and coercive measures
Table S3:Basic adjusted model for associations between sociodemographic variables and coercive measures among psychiatric inpatients
Table S4: Basic adjusted model for association between predictors and coercive measures in young sub-population 18–33 years
Appendix 1
Assessment of Diagnosis
ICD-10 diagnoses were categorized into organic mental disorders (F00-F09); substance abuse (F10-F19); schizophrenia (F20-F29); affective disorders (F30-39); neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders (F40-F49); eating disorders and other behavioral syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors (F50-F59); personality disorders (F60-F69); mental retardation (F70-F79); disorders of psychological development (F80-89); behavioral and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence (F90-98); unspecified mental disorder (F99); and others. Secondary diagnoses for substance abuse disorders were also included (F10-19).
Assessment of Self-harm
Additional definitions were added due to under-recording in the registers of patients with self-harm. Probably self-harm, which is injuries to the lower forearm and poisoning in individuals diagnosed with psychiatric disorder, defined as an ICD-10 main diagnosis F00-F99 in combination with sub-diagnosis (S51, S55, S59, S61, S65, S69, T36-T50, T52-T60) or any main diagnosis (T39, T40 [except T401], T43, T58) [24].
Assessment of Coercive Measures
In this study restraint is divided into the following five groups. (I) Fixation by a mechanical appliance, which includes immobilization with leather belts around the waist and/or wrist and ankle cuffs. Gloves are also used, but the use is seldom. (II) Being held by staff. (III)Locking a door to an open ward. (IV)Administration of acute sedative medication. (V) Shielding a patient for more than 24 hours was register from 2005. Forced treatment is defined as psychopharmacological medication, ECT and involuntary diet intake. The use of seclusion is generally forbidden by law in Denmark except at one forensic psychiatric facility [29].
Table S1Coercive measures given by patients’ sociodemographic and clinical characteristic at first admission
Variables / Total exposuresn=112233 / Any coercion
n=13285 / CA/Detained
n=10981 / Restraint
n=7127 / Forced treatment
n=1537
Age
18-30 / 44396 / 5186(11.7) / 4232(9.5) / 2967(6.7) / 464(1.0)
31-40 / 29805 / 3460(11.6) / 2793(9.4) / 1880(6.3) / 427(1.4)
41-50 / 26964 / 3168(11.7) / 2665(9.9) / 1597(5.9) / 407(1.5)
51-63 / 11068 / 1471(13.3) / 1291(11.7) / 683(6.2) / 239(2.2)
Sex
Female / 56476 / 5720(10.1) / 4778(8.5) / 2961(5.2) / 706(1.3)
Male / 55757 / 7565(13.6) / 6203(11.1) / 4166(7.5) / 831(1.5)
Education
Groundschool / 52870 / 6578(12.4) / 5447(10.3) / 3506(6.6) / 695(1.3)
High school / 38529 / 4024(10.4) / 3380(8.8) / 2110 (5.5) / 517(1.3)
Vocational / 2534 / 287 (11.3) / 235(9.3) / 155(6.1) / 37(1.5)
Bachelor’sdegree or higher / 12718 / 1365(10.7) / 1116(8.8) / 750 (5.9) / 177(1.4)
Missing / 5582 / 1031 / 803 / 606 / 111
Labormarket status
Employed / 63495 / 5983(9.4) / 4923(7.8) / 3292(5.2) / 562(0.9)
Unemployed / 14650 / 2041(13.9) / 1697(11.6) / 1052(7.2) / 246(1.7)
Earlyretirement / 14099 / 2585(18.3) / 2094(14.9) / 1412(10.0) / 365(2.6)
Pension / 329 / 41 (12.5) / 35 (10.6) / 20 (6.1) / 4(1.2)
Missing / 19660 / 2635 / 2232 / 1351 / 360
Urbanity
Rural / 25206 / 2711(10.8) / 2277(9.0) / 1390(5.5) / 294(1.2)
Provincal / 42597 / 4929(11.6) / 4047(9.5) / 2711(6.4) / 587(1.4)
Capital / 25330 / 3385(13.4) / 2841(11.2) / 1774(7.0) / 391(1.5)
Missing / 19100 / 2260 / 1816 / 1252 / 265
Civil status
Single / 58828 / 7979(13.6) / 6603(11.2) / 4361(7.4) / 972(1.7)
Married / 34918 / 3307(9.5) / 2704(7.7) / 1792(5.1) / 319(0.9)
Divorced/widowed / 18403 / 1991(10.8) / 1672(9.1) / 968 (5.3) / 246(1.3)
Missing / 84 / 8 / 2 / 6 / 0
Grade
High / 1867 / 168(9.0) / 141(7.6) / 88(4.7) / 13(0.7)
Low / 17694 / 1705(9.6) / 1424(8.0) / 952(5.4) / 231(1.3)
Missing / 92672 / 11412 / 9416 / 6087 / 1293
IQ
Low / 373 / 62 (16.6) / 55 (14.7) / 41 (11.0) / 5 (1.3)
High / 3221 / 412 (12.8) / 359 (11.1) / 227 (7.0) / 50(1.6)
Missing / 108639 / 12811 / 10567 / 6859 / 1482
Income
Low / 34075 / 4928(14.5) / 4077(12.0) / 2661(7.8) / 621(1.8)
Lower medium / 23083 / 2853(12.4) / 2315(10.0) / 1552(6.7) / 345(1.5)
Higher medium / 19075 / 2137(11.2) / 1781(9.3) / 1113(5.8) / 238(1.2)
High / 35197 / 3204(9.1) / 2696(7.7) / 1702(4.8) / 308(0.9)
Missing / 803 / 163 / 112 / 99 / 25
Immigration
Danish / 100011 / 10945 (10.9) / 9040(9.0) / 5838(5.8) / 1257(1.3)
Refugee / 120 / 18 (15.0) / 11 (9.2) / 13 (10.8) / 0(0.0)
Immigrants / 10799 / 2069(19.2) / 1742(16.1) / 1124(10.4) / 234(2.2)
Missing / 1303 / 253 / 188 / 152 / 46
Variables / Total exposures / Any coercion / CA/Detained / Restraint / Forced treatment
Country of origin
African / 558 / 167(29.9) / 146(26.2) / 98(17.6) / 24(4.3)
America / 432 / 81(18.8) / 73(16.9) / 48(11.1) / 8(1.9)
East Med. / 4444 / 930(20.9) / 770(17.3) / 520(11.7) / 99(2.2)
Europe / 104234 / 11558(11.1) / 9545(9.2) / 6154(5.9) / 1337(1.3)
South-East Asia / 648 / 154(23.8) / 138(21.3) / 79(12.2) / 11(1.7)
Western Pacific / 470 / 118(25.1) / 106(22.6) / 60(12.8) / 12(2.6)
Missing / 1447 / 277 / 203 / 168 / 46
Countriesincomelevel
High income / 100649 / 10944(10.9) / 9048(9.0) / 5808(5.8) / 1263(1.3)
Low income / 10137 / 2064(20.4) / 1730(17.1) / 1151(11.4) / 228(2.2)
Missing / 1447 / 277 / 203 / 168 / 46
Main diagnosis
Anxietydisorders / 29708 / 1641(5.5) / 1450(4.9) / 556(1.9) / 103(0.3)
Organic mental disorder / 1972 / 733(37.2) / 638(32.4) / 435(22.1) / 152(7.7)
Substanceusedisorders / 17491 / 2232(12.8) / 1847(10.6) / 1307(7.5) / 163(0.9)
Schizophreniadisorders / 19696 / 5270(26.8) / 4456(22.6) / 2865(14.5) / 837(4.2)
Affectivedisorders / 28436 / 1988(7.0) / 1562(5.5) / 1184(4.2) / 146(0.5)
Behavioralsyndromes / 1298 / 88 (6.8) / 67 (5.2) / 44(3.4) / 23(1.8)
Personality disorders / 6910 / 476(6.9) / 343(5.0) / 269(3.9) / 26(0.4)
Mental retardation / 531 / 114(21.5) / 75(14.1) / 73(13.7) / 4(0.8)
Developmentaldisorders / 593 / 111(18.7) / 87(14.7) / 67(11.3) / 9(1.5)
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders / 1986 / 188(9.5) / 162(8.2) / 91(4.6) / 14(0.7)
Other / 3595 / 444(12.4) / 294(8.2) / 236(6.6) / 60(1.7)
Missing / 17 / 0 / 0 / 0 / 0
Self-harm
No / 111836 / 13193(11.8) / 10899(9.7) / 7078(6.3) / 1520(1.4)
Yes / 397 / 92 (23.2) / 82(20.7) / 49(12.3) / 17(4.3)
Admission type
Planned / 7056 / 521(7.4) / 376(5.3) / 273(3.9) / 108(1.5)
Acute / 105165 / 12763(12.1) / 10605(10.1) / 6853(6.5) / 1429(1.4)
Missing / 12 / 1 / 0 / 1 / 0
Parents’ education
Groundschool / 25074 / 2766(11.0) / 2268(9.0) / 1502(6.0) / 295(1.2)
High school / 30947 / 3223(10.4) / 2671(8.6) / 1736(5.6) / 364(1.2)
Vocational / 2453 / 265(10.8) / 217(8.8) / 146(6.0) / 26(1.1)
BSc or higher / 16875 / 1977(11.7) / 1660(9.8) / 1068(6.3) / 218(1.3)
Missing / 36884 / 5054 / 4165 / 2675 / 634
Parents’ labor status
Employed / 34995 / 3703(10.6) / 3039(8.7) / 2086(6.0) / 361(1.0)
Unemployed / 2017 / 267(13.2) / 210(10.4) / 168(8.3) / 27(1.3)
Earlyretired / 7164 / 912(12.7) / 720(10.1) / 512(7.1) / 86(1.2)
Pension / 25970 / 2812(10.8) / 2350(9.0) / 1455(5.6) / 361(1.4)
Missing / 42087 / 5591 / 4662 / 2906 / 702
Previous admissions
0 / 97185 / 10709(11.0) / 8995(9.3) / 5641(5.8) / 1196(1.2)
1-5 / 10926 / 1753(16.0) / 1377(12.6) / 963(8.8) / 220(2.0)
At least 6 / 4122 / 823(20.0) / 609(14.8) / 523(12.7) / 121(2.9)
Parents’ psychiatrichistory
No / 83032 / 9340(11.2) / 7734(9.3) / 5047(6.1) / 1068(1.3)
Yes / 14893 / 1750(11.8) / 1411(9.5) / 964(6.5) / 180(1.2)
Missing / 14308 / 2195 / 1836 / 1116 / 289
Variables / Total
exposures / Any coercion / CA/Detained / Restraint / Forced treatment
Outpatienttreatment
No / 105539 / 12181(11.5) / 10115(9.6) / 6461(6.1) / 1340(1.3)
Yes / 6694 / 1104(16.5) / 866(12.9) / 666(9.9) / 197(2.9)
Table S2.Basic adjusted model for association between clinical variables and coercive measuresa
Variables / Any coercion / CA/Detained / Restraint / Forced treatmentOR / 95% CI / OR / 95% CI / OR / 95% CI / OR / 95% CI
Main diagnosis
Anxiety disorders / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Organic mental disorder / 3.29 / (2.93-3.70)** / 5.27 / (4.64-5.99)** / 3.09 / (2.75-3.47)** / 9.51 / (7.76-11.64)**
Substance use disorders / 1.46 / (1.38-1.55)** / 2.31 / (2.14-2.50)** / 1.36 / (1.27-1.44)** / 1.60 / (1.33-1.93)**
Schizophrenia disorders / 1.65 / (1.57-1.74)** / 2.62 / (2.44-2.81)** / 1.59 / (1.51-1.68)** / 5.16 / (4.44-6.01)**
Affective disorders / 1.10 / (1.04-1.16)* / 1.84 / (1.71-1.99)** / 1.01 / (0.95-1.07) / 1.68 / (1.41-1.99)**
Behavioral syndromes / 1.05 / (0.88-1.25) / 1.35 / (1.08-1.69)* / 1.04 / (0.87-1.25) / 5.12 / (3.78-6.94)**
Personality disorders / 0.74 / (0.69-0.80)** / 1.22 / (1.11-1.35)** / 0.67 / (0.62-0.73)** / 1.31 / (1.05-1.63)*
Mental retardation / 2.13 / (1.79-2.55)** / 3.44 / (2.81-4.21)** / 1.68 / (1.39-2.04)** / 2.43 / (1.54-3.84)**
Developmental disorders / 2.10 / (1.74-2.54)** / 3.28 / (2.64-4.07)** / 1.81 / (1.49-2.22)** / 3.12 / (1.94-5.01)**
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders / 1.55 / (1.37-1.76)** / 2.15 / (1.83-2.53)** / 1.43 / (1.25-1.63)** / 2.29 / (1.59-3.29)**
Other / 1.41 / (1.29-1.56)** / 2.42 / (2.16-2.72)** / 0.82 / (0.73-0.92)** / 4.27 / (3.46-5.28)**
Substance misuse
No / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Yes / 0.94 / (0.90-0.97)** / 1.00 / (0.96-1.04) / 0.91 / (0.87-0.94)** / 0.61 / (0.56-0.66)**
Self-harm
No / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Yes / 0.78 / (0.66-0.92)* / 0.83 / (0.70-1.00)* / 0.82 / (0.69-0.97)* / 1.31 / (1.04-1.64)*
Admission type
Planned / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Acute / 2.13 / (1.99-2.29)** / 1.99 / (1.84-2.16)** / 2.42 / (2.24-2.61)** / 1.12 / (1.00-1.26)
Previous admissions
0 / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
1-5 / 0.59 / (0.58-0.61)** / 0.79 / (0.76-0.82)** / 0.59 / (0.57-0.61)** / 0.92 / (0.85-0.99)*
at least 6 / 0.23 / (0.21-0.24)** / 0.39 / (0.37-0.41)** / 0.23 / (0.22-0.24)** / 0.59 / (0.54-0.64)**
Parents’ Psychiatric history
No / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Yes / 0.94 / (0.89-0.99)* / 0.96 / (0.90-1.01) / 0.92 / (0.87-0.98)** / 0.92 / (0.84-1.01)
Outpatient treatment
No / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Yes / 1.54 / (1.47-1.62)** / 1.69 / (1.60-1.79)** / 1.44 / (1.37-1.52)** / 2.19 / (1.99-2.40)**
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CA, Compulsory admission.
aAnalyses were adjusted for sex, age and calendar period.
* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.001
1
Table S3Basic adjusted model for associations between sociodemographic variables and coercive measures among psychiatric inpatientsa
Variables / Any coercion / CA/Detained / Restraint / Forced treatmentOR / 95% CI / OR / 95% CI / OR / 95% CI / OR / 95% CI
Education
Ground school / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
High school / 1.01 / (0.97-1.05) / 1.03 / (0.99-1.08) / 0.98 / (0.94-1.03) / 1.04 / (0.97-1.13)
Vocational / 1.12 / (0.99-1.27) / 1.11 / (0.98-1.27) / 1.14 / (0.99-1.31) / 1.22 / (0.98-1.51)
Bachelor’s degree or higher / 1.16 / (1.09-1.24)** / 1.14 / (1.07-1.22)** / 1.19 / (1.10-1.28)** / 1.14 / (1.01-1.27)*
Grade
High / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Medium / 0.98 / (0.84-1.14) / 1.02 / (0.87-1.20) / 0.96 / (0.80-1.14) / 1.09 / (0.81-1.46)
Labor market status
Employed / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference] / 1.00 / Reference
Unemployed / 1.34 / (1.28-1.40)** / 1.33 / (1.26-1.39)** / 1.26 / (1.19-1.33)** / 1.71 / (1.53-1.90)**
Early retirement / 0.71 / (0.68-0.75)** / 0.71 / (0.68-0.74)** / 0.84 / (0.80-0.88)** / 1.24 / (1.14-1.34)**
Pension / 1.16 / (0.88-1.53) / 1.15 / (0.86-1.53) / 1.21 / (0.87-1.69) / 1.38 / (0.75-2.54)
Income
Low / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Lower medium / 0.73 / (0.70-0.76)** / 0.73 / (0.70-0.76)** / 0.77 / (0.74-0.81)** / 0.77 / (0.71-0.83)**
Higher medium / 0.60 / (0.58-0.63)** / 0.61 / (0.58-0.64)** / 0.64 / (0.61-0.67)** / 0.68 / (0.62-0.74)**
High / 0.73 / (0.70-0.76)** / 0.73 / (0.70-0.77)** / 0.73 / (0.69-0.77)** / 0.56 / (0.51-0.61)**
Civil status
Single / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Married / 0.94 / (0.90-0.99)* / 0.94 / (0.89-0.98)* / 0.90 / (0.86-0.95)** / 0.59 / (0.54-0.65)**
Divorced/widowed / 0.87 / (0.82-0.92)** / 0.89 / (0.84-0.94)** / 0.83 / (0.78-0.88)** / 0.76 / (0.69-0.84)**
Children
No / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Yes / 0.95 / (0.91-0.99)* / 0.97 / (0.93-1.01) / 0.87 / (0.83-0.91)** / 0.67 / (0.63-0.72)**
Urbanity
Rural / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Provincial / 0.96 / (0.92-1.00) / 0.97 / (0.92-1.01) / 1.02 / (0.97-1.08) / 1.10 / (1.01-1.21)*
Capital / 1.04 / (0.98-1.09) / 1.05 / (1.00-1.11) / 1.07 / (1.01-1.13)* / 1.24 / (1.13-1.37)**
Immigration
Danish / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Refugee / 1.74 / (1.10-2.75)* / 1.33 / (0.77-2.28) / 2.10 / (1.27-3.45)* / -
Immigrants / 1.68 / (1.59-1.78)** / 1.66 / (1.56-1.76)** / 1.64 / (1.54-1.74)** / 1.67 / (1.52-1.84)**
Parents’ Education
Ground school / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
High school / 0.98 / (0.93-1.04) / 0.99 / (0.93-1.05) / 0.99 / (0.93-1.05) / 1.08 / (0.98-1.19)
Vocational / 1.01 / (0.89-1.15) / 1.00 / (0.87-1.15) / 1.04 / (0.90-1.20) / 1.28 / (1.01-1.62)*
BSc or higher / 1.04 / (0.97-1.11) / 1.06 / (0.99-1.13) / 1.07 / (1.00-1.15)* / 1.28 / (1.14-1.43)**
Parents’ Labor status
Employed / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Unemployed / 1.13 / (1.00-1.26)* / 1.07 / (0.95-1.22) / 1.19 / (1.05-1.36)* / 1.10 / (0.86-1.41)
Early retirement / 1.00 / (0.93-1.08) / 0.96 / (0.89-1.04) / 1.02 / (0.94-1.11) / 0.87 / (0.75-1.02)
Pension / 0.99 / (0.93-1.04) / 0.98 / (0.93-1.04) / 0.97 / (0.91-1.03) / 1.03 / (0.93-1.16)
Variables / Any coercion / CA/Detained / Restraint / Forced treatment
OR / 95% CI / OR / 95% CI / OR / 95% CI / OR / 95% CI
Country of origin
African / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
America / 0.86 / (0.64-1.17) / 0.86 / (0.63-1.17) / 0.88 / (0.63-1.23) / 0.70 / (0.42-1.15)
East Med. / 0.74 / (0.60-0.90)* / 0.69 / (0.56-0.85)** / 0.72 / (0.58-0.90)* / 0.57 / (0.43-0.78)**
Europe / 0.44 / (0.36-0.53)** / 0.43 / (0.36-0.52)** / 0.43 / (0.35-0.53)** / 0.34 / (0.26-0.45)**
South-East Asia / 1.06 / (0.80-1.42) / 1.10 / (0.82-1.46) / 0.91 / (0.67-1.23) / 0.63 / (0.40-0.99)*
Western Pacific / 1.14 / (0.86-1.50) / 1.12 / (0.85-1.49) / 1.04 / (0.76-1.41) / 0.72 / (0.45-1.16)
Countries income level
High income / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Low income / 1.78 / (1.69-1.88)** / 1.74 / (1.65-1.84)** / 1.76 / (1.66-1.87)** / 1.83 / (1.67-2.01)**
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CA, Compulsory admission.
aAnalyses were adjusted for sex, age and calendar period.
* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.001
Table S4Basic adjusted model for association between predictors and coercive measures in young sub-population 18–33 yearsa
Variables / Any coercion / CA/Detained / Restraint / Forced treatmentOR / 95% CI / OR / 95% CI / OR / 95% CI / OR / 95% CI
Parents’ education
Ground school / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
High school / 1.04 / (0.97-1.11) / 1.06 / (0.98-1.14) / 1.03 / (0.95-1.11) / 1.15 / (1.00-1.33)
Vocational / 1.11 / (0.96-1.28) / 1.11 / (0.94-1.30) / 1.09 / (0.92-1.28) / 1.38 / (1.03-1.85)*
Bachelor’s degree
or higher / 1.10 / (1.02-1.19)* / 1.14 / (1.05-1.23]* / 1.10 / (1.01-1.20)* / 1.30 / (1.11-1.52)*
Parents’ labor status
Employed / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Unemployed / 1.15 / (1.01-1.31)* / 1.08 / (0.93-1.24) / 1.23 / (1.06-1.42)* / 1.04 / (0.77-1.40)
Early retirement / 1.02 / (0.93-1.11) / 0.98 / (0.89-1.07) / 1.05 / (0.96-1.16) / 0.97 / (0.81-1.16)
Pension / 0.90 / (0.84-0.97)* / 0.91 / (0.84-0.98)* / 0.90 / (0.83-0.97)* / 1.04 / (0.90-1.21)
Urbanity
Rural / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Provincial / 1.02 / (0.95-1.09) / 1.03 / (0.96-1.10) / 1.07 / (0.99-1.16) / 1.24 / (1.07-1.44)*
Capital / 1.07 / (0.99-1.15) / 1.09 / (1.01-1.19)* / 1.12 / (1.02-1.22)* / 1.28 / (1.09-1.51)*
Main diagnosis
Anxiety disorders / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Organic mental disorder / 2.05 / (1.70-2.48)** / 1.87 / (1.53-2.28)** / 3.11 / (2.54-3.82)** / 4.90 / (3.34-7.19)**
Substance use disorders / 2.15 / (1.98-2.35)** / 2.04 / (1.87-2.24)** / 3.03 / (2.72-3.38)** / 2.17 / (1.63-2.90)**
Schizophrenia disorders / 1.63 / (1.51-1.75)** / 1.55 / (1.44-1.68)** / 2.30 / (2.09-2.54)** / 4.92 / (3.90-6.22)**
Affective disorders / 1.06 / (0.97-1.15) / 0.99 / (0.90-1.09) / 1.52 / (1.36-1.69)** / 1.48 / (1.11-1.98)*
Behavioral syndromes / 1.20 / (1.00-1.45) / 1.18 / (0.97-1.44) / 1.44 / (1.13-1.83)* / 6.05 / (4.22-8.66)**
Personality disorders / 0.86 / (0.77-0.95)* / 0.75 / (0.67-0.84)** / 1.29 / (1.14-1.46)** / 1.59 / (1.18-2.13)*
Mental retardation / 2.08 / (1.64-2.63)** / 1.57 / (1.21-2.04)** / 3.09 / (2.37-4.03)** / 2.42 / (1.27-4.61)*
Developmental disorders / 2.21 / (1.79-2.73)** / 1.95 / (1.56-2.44)** / 3.07 / (2.41-3.91)** / 3.09 / (1.77-5.37)**
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders / 1.38 / (1.17-1.62)** / 1.22 / [1.03-1.46)* / 1.87 / (1.53-2.28]** / 2.04 / [1.25-3.32)*
Other / 1.45 / (1.28-1.64)** / 0.78 / (0.67-0.90)* / 2.37 / (2.05-2.74)** / 4.41 / (3.26-5.97)**
Self-harm
No / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Yes / 0.80 / (0.68-0.95)* / 0.82 / (0.65-1.03) / 0.86 / (0.68-1.09) / 1.52 / (1.13-2.04)*
Admission type
Planned / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Acute / 1.94 / (1.77-2.13)** / 2.33 / (2.10-2.59)** / 1.74 / (1.57-1.93)** / 1.04 / (0.87-1.23)
Previous admissions
0 / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
1-5 / 0.58 / (0.55-0.60)** / 0.57 / (0.55-0.60)** / 0.77 / (0.73-0.81)** / 1.04 / (0.93-1.16)
At least 6 / 0.17 / (0.16-0.19)** / 0.19 / (0.17-0.20)** / 0.31 / (0.28-0.33)** / 0.64 / (0.56-0.74)**
Parents’ Psychiatric history
No / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Yes / 0.94 / (0.88-1.01) / 0.91 / (0.85-0.98)* / 0.98 / (0.90-1.06) / 0.91 / (0.79-1.05)
IQ
Low / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
High / 1.01 / (0.76-1.33) / 1.00 / (0.75-1.34) / 0.92 / (0.67-1.26) / 1.53 / (0.78-3.02)
Variables / Any coercion / CA/Detained / Restraint / Forced treatment
OR / 95% CI / OR / 95% CI / OR / 95% CI / OR / 95% CI
Grade
High / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Low / 0.86 / (0.71-1.05) / 0.92 / (0.75-1.13) / 0.87 / (0.69-1.08] / 0.79 / (0.55-1.15)
Outpatient treatment
No / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference / 1.00 / Reference
Yes / 1.42 / (1.32-1.53)** / 1.40 / (1.31-1.51)** / 1.35 / (1.27-1.43]** / 1.32 / (1.25-1.39)**
Abbreviations: OR, odds ratio; CA, Compulsory admission.
aAnalyses were adjusted for sex, age and calendar period.
* P < 0.05; ** P < 0.001
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