Sports,Exercise and Healthscience

Sports,Exercise and HealthScience

Standard level

Specimenpapers1,2 and 3

For first examinationsin2014

CONTENTS

Sports, Exerciseand Health Sciencestandardlevelpaper1specimen paper

Sports, Exerciseand Health Sciencestandardlevelpaper1specimenmarkscheme

Sports, Exerciseand Health Sciencestandardlevelpaper2specimen paper

Sports, Exerciseand Health Sciencestandardlevelpaper2specimenmarkscheme

Sports, Exerciseand Health Sciencestandardlevelpaper3specimen paper

Sports, Exerciseand Health Sciencestandardlevelpaper3specimenmarkscheme

SPEC/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

SportS,exerciSeANDHeALtHScieNceStANDArDLeveL

pAper1

SPECIMEN PAPER

45 minutes

INSTRUCTIONSTOCANDIDATES

•Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.

•Answer all the questions.

•Foreachquestion,choosetheansweryouconsidertobethebestandindicateyourchoiceonthe answer sheet provided.

•The maximum mark for this examination paper is [30 marks].

13 pages

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1.Whichbestdescribesflatbones?

A.Complex and varied in shape, such as the vertebrae

B.The type of bones found in the skull and the shoulder blade

C.Bones that are longer than they are wide

D.Bones found in the wrist and ankle

2.Whatfluidfilledsacsareassociatedwithcertainsynovialjoints?

A.Ligaments

B.Bursae

C.Articular capsule

D.Synovial membrane

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SPEC/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

3.What is the name of the outermost covering of the skeletal muscle as indicated by label X?

A.Endomysium

B.Perimysium

C.Sarcomere

D.Epimysium

4.What is the main roleof hemoglobin during exercise?

A.To transportATP to the muscles

B.To transport the excess hydrogen ions produced by the muscles

C.To carry oxygen for dissociation at the muscle tissues

D.To change the pH of the blood

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5.The table below shows respiratory rates and lung volumes for an endurance-trained athlete.

Respiratoryratesandvolumes / Recordedresults
Pulmonary ventilation / 61.0litres min–1
Tidal volume at rest / 0.5 litres
Maximal tidal volume / 3.9 litres
Vital capacity / 6.2 litres
Residual volume / 1.2 litres

[DatafromWLKenny,JHWilmoreandDLCostill,(2012),PhysiologyofSportand Exercise, 5thEdition,Champaign,IL:Human Kinetics, 267]

What is the total lungcapacity?

A.7.4 litres

B.6.7 litres

C.4.7 litres

D.10.9 litres

6.Which valve is located between the right atriumand the right ventricle?

A.Bicuspid valve

B.Pulmonary valve

C.Tricuspid valve

D.Aortic valve

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SPEC/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

7.Which component ofblood is required to form ablood clot?

A.Plasma

B.Platelets

C.Erythrocytes

D.Leucocytes

8.Which is responsible for the electrical impulse that regulates the contraction of the atria in the heart?

A.Atrio-ventricular node

B.Purkinje tissue

C.Bundle of His

D.Sinoatrial node

9.Whatisthedefinitionofdiastolicbloodpressure?

A.The blood pressure in the human body during ventricular contraction

B.The upper measurement when reporting blood pressure

C.Thepressureinthebrachialarteryastheventricles relaxandarefillingwithblood

D.The blood pressure in the human body during atrial relaxation

10.Which most likely results from participation ina long-term aerobic training programme?

A.Increased left ventricular volume

B.Decreased plasma volume

C.Increased resting heart rate

D.Decreased arterio-venous oxygen difference

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11.Which is an exampleof a macronutrient?

I.Lipid

II.Protein

III.Carbohydrate

A.I only

B.I and II only

C.II and III only

D.I, II and III

12.Which correctly describes non-essential amino acids?

A.They are synthesized by the human body.

B.They are unable to be manufactured by the human body.

C.They are found in abundance in plant-based food sources.

D.They must be obtained from the diet.

13.What needs to be considered when recommending a balanced diet?

I.Habitual physical activity level of the person

II.Age of the person

III.Climate where the person lives

A.I only

B.I and II only

C.II and III only

D.I, II and III

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14.Which is the generalstructure of a glucose molecule?

A.H

HOH

B.HHH

CHCCCH

COOH

OHOH

OHH

OHOH

HOH

C.OOHD.H

CHOH

HOH

(CH2)n

COCC

HHHH

CH3

OHH

CCC

CCCO

HOH

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15.Thediagrambelowshowstheultrastructureofageneralizedanimalcell.Whatstructureisindicated by label X?

A.Lysosome

B.Rough endoplasmic reticulum

C.Nucleus

D.Mitochondrion

16.What is the type of movement performed in thediagram below?

A.Pronation

B.Adduction

C.Circumduction

D.Elevation

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SPEC/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX

17.What occurs during an isometric contraction?

A.The muscle shortens and tension is developed.

B.The muscle length does not change and notension is developed.

C.The muscle length does not change whiletension is developed.

D.The muscle shortens and no tension is developed.

18.What is the name of the gap between two neurons?

A.Synapse

B.Dendrite

C.Axon

D.Cell body

19.Thediagrambelowdemonstratesanathleteperformingalegpress.Whichcorrectlyidentifiesthefulcrum,effortandloadforthisfirstclasslever?

Reprinted with the permission of Cengage LearningAustralia.]

A.X = Fulcrum,Y= Effort and Z = Load

B.X = Fulcrum,Y= Load and Z = Effort

C.X = Load,Y= Effort and Z = Fulcrum

D.X = Load,Y= Fulcrum and Z = Effort

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20.Which law states: “for every action force, thereis an equal and opposite reaction force”?

A.Newton’sfirstlaw

B.Newton’s second law

C.Newton’s third law

D.Law of Conservation of Momentum

21.Whatisthedefinitionofthetermskill?

A.Astable, enduring characteristic that is genetically determined

B.Basic movements in sport

C.Aset of movements which are geneticallydetermined

D.Theconsistentproductionofgoal-orientatedmovements,whicharelearnedandspecifictothe task

22.What are the information processing mechanisms that match the numerals in the diagram below?

Information from display

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23.Whattermisgiventotheintervalbetweenthesoundofthestartingpistolandtheinitiationofadive into the pool during a swimming event?

A.Reaction time

B.Response time

C.Movement time

D.Stimulus-response compatibility

24.With respect to learning, which statement best describes a positive acceleration curve?

A.The performer has reached their best possible performance.

B.The individual’s learning is low in the early stages but increases in later stages.

C.The performer enters a period where thereis no improvement in learning.

D.The rate of learning is faster in the early stages than in the later stages.

25.In the spectrum of teaching styles, what best describes the command style?

A.Assists in developing the communicationskills of the learner

B.Encourages the learners to be creative anddevelop their own performance process

C.The teacher orcoach makes all the decisions

D.Invites the learners to work in pairs to give each other feedback

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26.Whichisclassifiedasahealth-relatedfitnesscomponent?

A.Flexibility

B.Coordination

C.Agility

D.Power

27.Whichofthefollowingistrueforanathletewhoconsistentlyweighshis/herselfonasetof broken scales?

I.The results are reliable.

II.The results are accurate.

III.The results are valid.

A.I only

B.I and II only

C.II and III only

D.I, II and III

28.Whichfitnesstestisthemostappropriateformeasuringcoordination?

A.Vertical jump test

B.Hand wall toss test

C.Drop test

D.IllinoisAgilitytest

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29.What is the name of the method of assessing exercise intensity involving the following calculation?Trainingheartrate = ((HRmax– HRrest) × %intensity) + HRrest

A.Borg scale

B.Karvonen method

C.Cardiac output

D.Maximal oxygen consumption

30.Themean(SD)exerciseheartrateofagroupinaphysicaleducationclassis155beatsperminute(bpm)(14).Whatpercentageofthegrouphasanexerciseheartratebetween141bpmand169bpm?

A. / 5%
B. / 68%
C. / 85%
D. / 95%

SPEC/4/SPEXS/SPM/ENG/TZ0/XX/M

MARKSCHEME

SPECIMENPAPER

SPORTS,EXERCISE ANDHEALTHSCIENCE

StandardLevel

Paper 1

2pages

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1. / B / 16. / C / 31. / – / 46. / –
2. / B / 17. / C / 32. / – / 47. / –
3. / D / 18. / A / 33. / – / 48. / –
4. / C / 19. / D / 34. / – / 49. / –
5. / A / 20. / C / 35. / – / 50. / –
6. / C / 21. / D / 36. / – / 51. / –
7. / B / 22. / D / 37. / – / 52. / –
8. / D / 23. / A / 38. / – / 53. / –
9. / C / 24. / B / 39. / – / 54. / –
10. / A / 25. / C / 40. / – / 55. / –
11. / D / 26. / A / 41. / – / 56. / –
12. / A / 27. / A / 42. / – / 57. / –
13. / D / 28. / B / 43. / – / 58. / –
14. / A / 29. / B / 44. / – / 59. / –
15. / B / 30. / B / 45. / – / 60. / –

SPEC/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX

SportS,exerciSeANDHeALtHScieNceStANDArDLeveL

pAper2

SPECIMEN PAPER

1 hour 15 minutes

Candidate session number

0 / 0

Examinationcode

–

INSTRUCTIONSTOCANDIDATES

•Writeyour session number in the boxesabove.

•Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.

•Section A:answer all questions.

•Section B:answer one question.

•Writeyouranswersintheboxesprovided.

•A calculator is requiredfor this paper.

•The maximum mark for this examination paper is [50 marks].

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16 pages

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Sectiona

Answerallthequestions.Writeyouranswersintheboxesprovided.

1.Astudy was undertaken ofAsafa Powell during his 100m sprint for a world recordof 9.74s inItalyin2007.Thegraphsbelowrepresenttheimpulserecordedfromasinglefootfall(fromfirstcontact to the foot leaving the ground). Each graph represents a different stage of the sprint.

Early stage (0–20m)Middle stage (50–70m)Final stage (80–100m)

+++

Time / s

––

Time / s

–

Time / s

[Source:adapted fromJ Rhodes, (2008),Biomechanics.PE Review,3(2), pages21–25. Reproducedin adapted formbypermission of PhilipAlan Updates.]

(a)Definethetermimpulse.[1]

(Thisquestioncontinuesonthefollowingpage)

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(Question1continued)

(b)Netimpulsesareacombinationofpositiveandnegativeimpulses. Describethenet impulse during the 100m sprint for each of the following stages:

(i)Early stage[1]

(ii)Middle stage[1]

(iii)Final stage[1]

(c)ComparetheaccelerationofAsafaPowellintheearlystagetothefinalstageofthe100m sprint. [2]

(Thisquestioncontinuesonthefollowingpage)

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(Question1continued)

UsainBolt,thewinnerofthe100msprintatthe2008Olympics,reacheshispeakvelocitylater in the sprint thanAsafa Powell.

(d)Usingtheinformationabove,predicthowUsainBolt’smiddlestageforce–timegraphwould be different fromAsafa Powell’s for the 100m sprint. [2]

The frames below were captured from a cyclist.

Frame 1Frame 2Frame 3

[Source:imagescapturedbySiliconcoach VideoAnalysisSoftware.Usedbypermission.]

(e)(i)State thetype of movement occurring at the cyclist’s right hip from Frames 1 to 3.[1]

(Thisquestioncontinuesonthefollowingpage)

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(Question1continued)

(ii)StatethetypeofmusclecontractionthatisoccurringfromFrames1to3inthevastus medialis of the right leg. [1]

(f)Explaintheconceptofreciprocalinhibitioninrelationtotheactionoccurringattheright

knee of the cyclist from Frames 1 to 3.[3]

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2.(a)(i)State where glycogen is stored in the body.[1]

(ii)Outline how the polysaccharide glycogen is formed.[2]

(b)Outline the roleof glucagon in relation tothe breakdown of glycogen.[2]

(c)Comparethefuelsourceandby-productsofanaerobicglycolysis(lacticacidsystem)and

the aerobic energy system.[2]

(Thisquestioncontinuesonthefollowingpage)

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(Question2continued)

(d)Afteranathletecrossedthefinishlineofthe100msprinthewasbreathingrapidly.Explain why in relation to excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC). [3]

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3.(a)Definethetermoriginofamuscle.[1]

The diagrams belowshow skeletal muscles located in two different regions of the body.

[Source:adaptedfromCThompson,(1985),ManualofStructuralKinesiology,10thEdition.

(b)State the nameof the muscles shown in the diagrams above.[2]

(Thisquestioncontinuesonthefollowingpage)

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(Question3continued)

(c)Identify the type of joint that is found between the ribs and the sternum.[1]

(d)Comparethreestructuralcharacteristicsofslowtwitch(typeI)andfasttwitch(typeIIb) musclefibres. [3]

Structuralcharacteristic / Slowtwitch(typei) / Fasttwitch(typeiib)
1......
...... / ......
...... / ......
......
2......
...... / ......
...... / ......
......
3......
...... / ......
...... / ......
......

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Section B

Answeronequestion.Writeyouranswersintheboxesprovided.

4.(a)State the name of four principal structuresof the ventilatory system.[2]

(b) / Explain the muscularmechanics involvedin ventilation. / [6]
(c) / Outline the control of ventilation during exercise. / [2]
(d) / Describe the relationship between heart rate, stroke during rest, sub-maximal rowing and maximal rowing. / volume and / cardiac / output / [5]

(e)Comparetheheartrate,strokevolumeandcardiacoutputoftrainedrowersversus untrained rowers during rest and exercise. [5]

5. / (a)
(b)
(c) / Outline twomethods which can be employed to improve a person’smemory.Identify twofactors that contribute to different rates of learning between individuals.
Outlinethetwocontinuaofmotorskillclassificationbelow. Illustrateyouranswers / [2]
[2]
using sporting examples.
(i)Fine and gross / [3]
(ii)Externally and internally paced skills / [3]
(d) / Comparethetypeofperformanceyouwouldexpecttoobservebetweenaskilledperformerandanoviceperformer. / [4]
(e) / Usingsportingexamples,discussmotorprogrammesfromopenloopandclosedloop perspectives. / [6]

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6. / (a) / Describe why reliability isimportant withregard to administering the sit and reach test. / [2]
(b) / Outline whatis meant by correlation. / [2]
(c) / Discusstwoadvantagesandtwodisadvantagesofsub-maximaltestsoffitness. / [4]
(d) / Outlineafitness testfora tennis playertoassesseachofthefollowing:
(i)Reaction time / [2]
(ii)Strength / [2]
(e) / Explaintheimportanceofstudydesigntoinvestigatetheeffectivenessofanewtrainingprogramme for competitive swimmers. / [8]

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SPEC/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M

MARKSCHEME

SPECIMENPAPER

SPORTS,EXERCISE ANDHEALTHSCIENCE

Standard Level

Paper 2

10pages

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SECTION A

1. / (a) / theproductofforceandtime/theapplicationofforceoveraperiod / of / time
(whichchanges the velocityof thebody);
the area underaforce–time graph;
(b) / the product of themagnitudeof atorque and its time ofapplication;
(i)net positiveimpulse
(ii)net zero impulse
(iii)netnegative impulse / [1 max]
[1]
[1]
[1]
(c) / intheearlystagePowellisaccelerating/thereispositiveacceleration,inthefinalstage Powell is decelerating/there is negativeacceleration;
in both the earlyand final stage the deceleration israpid; / [2]
(d) / net impulseis positive for Bolt;
Bolt’sgraph would showa greateramount of positive force than negativeforce;ratioofpositivetonegativeforceisgreater/ratioofnegativetopositiveforceisless;
Bolt’sgraph would showa lesseramount of negative force;
Award credit for an accurate graphical representation. / [2 max]
(e) / (i)extension / [1]
(ii)concentric / isotonic concentric / [1]
(f) / reciprocalinhibitioniswhereonemusclecontractsanditsoppositepartnerrelaxes/contractionofaprimemover(agonist)withthesimultaneousrelaxationoftheother(antagonist)muscles;
the hamstrings are considered theantagonist / hamstrings are relaxing;the quadricepsareconsidered theagonist / quadricepsarecontracting; / [3]

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2.(a)(i)in the liver/muscles[1]

(ii)(glycogen is formed) by linking together large numbers of glucosemolecules;

glycogenisformedbyacondensationreactionwithglucosemolecules/polysaccharidesformthrough a process known ascondensation;

condensationmayoccurmanytimes toyieldpolysaccharides;[2 max]

(b) / glucagon is ahormonereleasedbythe pancreas;
glucagonincreases the blood glucose levelwhen itfalls below normallevels;
glucagon accelerates the conversion of glycogen in the liver into glucose / /
glycogenolysis;
glucagon is released duringexercise/after fasting; / [2 max]

(c)

Award [1]for eachcorrectrow.

[2]

(d)duringtheinitialminutesofrecoveryfromthe100msprintoxygendemandremainselevatedtemporarily;

oxygenconsumptionimmediatelyafterthe100msprintexceedsrestingoxygenconsumption / EPOC is inaddition to the oxygennormallyconsumed at rest;

afterseveralminutesofrecoveryfromthe100msprintbreathingratewillreturnto restingvalues;

duringtheinitialstageofthe100msprintsomeoxygenisborrowedfromtheoxygen stores (hemoglobinandmyoglobin) and the oxygen must be replenished;breathing/respiratoryrateremainstemporarily elevatedfollowingthe100msprintinanefforttoclearCO2thathasaccumulatedinthetissues(asaby-productofmetabolism);

bodytemperature iselevatedfromparticipationinthe100 msprint,keeping(metabolicand)breathing/respiratoryratestemporarilyhigh(requiringmoreoxygen);

higherarousalfromparticipationinthe100msprintelevatesadrenalinelevelsandthiscontributestoelevated(metabolismand)breathing/respiratoryrates(requiringmoreoxygen);

EPOC helps rebuild ATP and PCr and clear lactate produced by anaerobicmetabolism duringthe 100m sprint; [3 max]

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3.(a)theattachmentofamuscletendontothestationarybone/thetendonatthestaticendofthemuscle(iscalledtheorigin)/(amuscle’soriginis)theattachmentthat

is closerto themidlineof thebodywhilst in the anatomical position[1]

(b)X:deltoid;

Y:bicepsfemoris;[2]

(c)cartilaginous[1]

(d)

Award [1]for eachcorrect row.

[3 max]

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SECTION B

4. / (a) / nose / mouth / pharynx/ larynx/ trachea / bronchi/ bronchioles / alveoli / lungs
Award [1]for every two correct answers. / [2]
(b) / inspiration:[3max]
intercostalscontract;
ribs move upwards;
internalintercostals relax;
diaphragmcontracts/flattens;
increasingthe volume of the cavity(thoracic);
reducingthe pressure of thecavity(thoracic);
this forces airto be drawn into the lungs;
expiration:[3 max]
intercostalsrelax;
ribs move downwards;
diaphragm relaxes;
decreasingthe volume of the cavity(thoracic);
increasingthe pressureof thecavity(thoracic);
this forces airout of the lungs; / [6 max]
Accept any of themarking points above on an annotated diagram.
(c) / highercentres of thebrain (voluntarychanges);
peripheralchemoreceptors in carotidand aorta(O2, pH, CO2);
centralchemoreceptors (pH, CO2);
proprioception in muscles andjoints; / [2 max]
(d) / cardiac output is found bymultiplyingthe heart rate (bpm) bythe strokevolume(ml blood beat–1);
heart rate increase in direct proportion to the increase in exerciseintensity;
initiallycardiacoutput/Qincreasesasaresultofbothincreasesinheartrateand
stroke volume;
maximal strokevolume isachieved duringsub-maximal exercise/rowing;

any increase in cardiac output during maximal exercise is due solely to an

increase in heartrate;[5]

(e)

Award [1] for eachcorrect row.[5 max]

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5. / (a) / Award [1 max]fora correctmethod and a correct description.
brevitye.g.givingalearnerasmallamountofinformationatatimetoavoid
overload;
claritye.g.avoidtryingtolearnorteachtwosimilarbutdistinctitemsinthesamesession,as the memoryof onemayinterfere with thememoryof theother;
chunkinge.g.learnerscanholdmoreintheshort-termmemoryiftheinformationis “chunked”, instead ofbeingpresentedas individual items;
organizatione.g.weremembermoreeasilyifweorganizethewayinwhichwearetolearnandensurethattheinformationismeaningful/coachesoftenuseimageryto aid organization /OWTTE;
associatione.g.goodcoachesandteachersalwaysensurethatnewlearningislinked to whatplayers alreadyknow;
practicee.g.noskillislearnedwithoutpractice/practiceshuttlestheimageof theskillbackwardsandforwardsbetweentheshort-termandlong-termmemoryandin doingso establishes what is known as a “memorytrace”/pathway;
rehearsale.g.processedmentallyor physically;
codinge.g.name/label sets of information;
Award [1 max]iftwo methodsnamed with no description. / [2 max]
(b) / motivation;
personalabilities / genetics;coachability;
previousexperience;age/maturation of performer;environment;
taskdifficulty;fatigue;anxiety;
preferred learningstyle; / [2 max]

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(c) / (i) / fineand gross:
thisisconcernedwiththeprecisionofaccuracyofmovement/involvement
ofmusclemass;
gross motorskills involve large musclemovements e.g.running/jumping;
fine motor skills involve more intricate movements using small muscle
(ii) / groupse.g.rifle shooting/ fingeraction across theseam of cricket ball;
externally and internallypaced skill: / [3]

this refers to the timing of the movements / the extent to which the

performerhas control over thetimingof themovement;externalpaced skills aresailing/windsurfing/receivinga serve;

internalpaced skills are javelin throw/gymnastics routine;[3]

(d)

Award [1]for eachcorrectrow.

[4 max]

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(e)open loop:[3 max]

Award [1 max]for asuitable sporting example.

e.g.hittingamovingtennisballduringagameoftennis/catchingatennisballduringamatch/amotorskillthatinvolvesanon-stable,unpredictableenvironmentwhereanobject/environmentalcontextisinmotionanddetermineswhen to begin theaction;

discussion:[2 max]

thistheorysuggeststhatwhenaskillisbeinglearnedanoverallplan/programmeofthat skill is built upinlong-termmemory;

skillsarebuiltupinahierarchicalorschematicwayi.e.theexecutiveprogrammeis made up ofanumberof(sub) routines,whichconsist of smallroutineunits;

theprogrammeisorderedsequentially/itisabletotellthemusclesinwhatordertoproducetheappropriatesubroutinese.g.learningaskillmeanspractisingtheskillsothatthesubroutinesareproperlysequencedandcoordinatedandalsobecome increasinglyautomated andsubconscious;

oncethisskillislearned,openlooptheorysuggeststhatitcanbeputintoactionwithout feedback beingused to control themovement;

knowledgeofresultsisusedonlyattheendofthemovementtogivethelearnerfeedback on the outcome;

closed loop:[3 max]

Award [1 max]for a suitable sporting example.

e.g.shootinganarrowatastationerytarget/hittingagolfballoffatee/amotorskillperformedinastationeryenvironmentwheretheperformerdetermineswhento begin theaction;

discussion:[2 max]

motorprogrammeisstructuredinthesameway(asopenloop)butitscommandscan becountermanded/reversedbythe need to correcterrors;

kinaesthetic/internalfeedback is used;

closedloopmovementcontrolismoreeffectivewithskillsrequiringslowerlimbmovements or movements takingplaceover longer periods of time;

itissuggestedthatperformersarecontinuallymovingbetweenopenandclosedloop control;

short-term memorycompareswith the long-termmemory,if thematchisgood themovement continues;

short-termmemorycompareswiththelong-termmemory,ifthereisamismatch

the learnertries to correct the error;[6 max]

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6. / (a) / atestisreliablewhenyouundertakearetestunderthesameconditionsastheoriginal anda similarresult is obtained;
atest needs to beconsistent to show the effect ofchanges in the variables;reliabilityin anykind oftestingquestions theaccuracyof test results; / [2 max]
(b) / a correlation is used to describe/measure the relationship/relatedness betweenvariables;
correlationdoes not implyacausalrelationship;

correlationindicatesthemagnitude/amountofrelationship/adegreeoflinear

associationbetween the two variables;

the correlationcoefficientcanbeapositiveor negativevalue;avalue ofzero suggests no relationship;

correlationscan, in somecases,help predict outcomes;[2 max]

(c)Advantages:[2 max]

lessstressful on individuals/ minimize risk of injury;

canperform repeats/other tests within a shorter time frame;

theygenerallyhaveagoodcorrelationtoVO2 max(80%–90 %)/canbeextrapolated to estimate VO2max;

minimal equipment needed for some examples e.g. Harvard Step Test,

12 MinuteRun, Astrand test;
Disadvantages:[2 max]
hard to set theintensitylevel accurately;
pacingis needed(for12MinuteRun) which is difficult;
thecorrelationbetweentestresultsandcardiovascularrespiratoryfitnessisnot
perfect;
VO2maxis an estimationas opposed to an actualmeasure;level of motivation required; / [4 max]
(d) / (i)e.g.rulerdroptest / reaction time sticks;
how longit takesan individual to respond to the droppingofa ruler/stick; / [2]
(ii)e.g.handgripstrength test / handgripdynamometer;
assesses the maximum isometric strength of the (dominant) hand and
forearmmuscles;
bestresultfromthreetrialsisrecorded(ensuringrecoverytimebetween
each trial); / [2 max]

– 10 –SPEC/4/SPEXS/SP2/ENG/TZ0/XX/M

(e)identification ofthe researchquestione.g.hasaspecific problemidentified;identification ofthe variables/independentvariable/dependentvariable;selection of suitable/appropriatestatistical tests;

selection of suitable/appropriatemethodsfor datacollection;

pre-teststandardization ofnutritional status and activityprofile of subjects;appropriaterecordingofthe data;

appropriateamount of data is recorded;the need for controls;

randomization;placebos;

blinding/ double-blinding;

acknowledgment ofthelimitations of thestudy;ethicalapproval required;

adherence to health and safetypractices;

informedconsent of subjects;[8 max]

SPEC/4/SPEXS/SP3/ENG/TZ0/XX

SportS,exerciSeANDHeALtHScieNceStANDArDLeveL

pAper3

SPECIMEN PAPER

1 hour

Candidate session number

0 / 0

Examinationcode

–

INSTRUCTIONSTOCANDIDATES

•Writeyour session number in the boxesabove.

•Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.

•Answer all of the questions fromtwo of the options.

•Writeyouranswers in the boxesprovided.

•A calculator is requiredfor this paper.

•The maximum mark for this examination paper is [40 marks].

0120

18 pages

– 2 –SPEC/4/SPEXS/SP3/ENG/TZ0/XX

OptionA—Optimizingphysiologicalperformance

A1.Astudywasundertakentocomparetheeffectsoftrainingprogrammeson3kmrunningperformancetime.Thesubjectsweredividedinto3groupsandtrainedtwiceaweekfor10weeks.Eachtrainingsessionlastedfor60minutes.

Group / Methodoftraining
1 / High-intensityrunningboutswithawork-to-restratioof1:1
2 / High-intensityrunningboutswithawork-to-restratioof1:3
Control / Steadystaterunning

Thegraphbelowshowsthepre-trainingandpost-training3kmrunningperformancetimes.

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12ControlGroup

[Source:ReprintedfromJournalofScienceandMedicineinSport,10/1,FEsfarjaniandPLaursen,Manipulatinghigh-intensityintervaltraining:EffectsonVO2max,thelactatethresholdand3000mrunningperformanceinmoderatelytrainedmales,pages27–35,Copyright(2012),withpermissionfromElsevier.]

(a)(i)Statethetwodifferentmethodsoftrainingusedinthis study.[2]

(ii)Comparethepre-training3kmrunningperformancetimesofthethreegroups.[1]

(Thisquestioncontinuesonthefollowingpage)

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SPEC/4/SPEXS/SP3/ENG/TZ0/XX

(QuestionA1continued)

(iii)Identify which group had the most improved post-training 3km runningperformancetime. [1]

(iv)Suggestonereasonwhythework-to-restratiohasresultedinadifferenceinthe

post-trainingrunningperformancetimesbetweengroups1and2.[1]

(v)Identifyadifferenttrainingmethodthatcouldbeusedtoimprovea3kmrunningperformancetime. [1]

(b)Distinguishbetweentrainingandover-training.[3]