1.stages of neutrophil granulopoesis
ans: stem cell -> neutrophilic myeloblast -> neutrophilic promyelocyte -> neutrophilic myelocyte -> neutrophilic metamyelocyte -> Band cell -> mature neutrophil
2.primary secondary types of lymph organs
ans: primary lymph organs (Sites of lymphocyte maturation) -> thymus and bone marrow secondary lymph organs (Sites where lymphocytes encounter antigen and interact with other cells of the immune system)-> lymph nodes, lymph vessels, lymph follicles of the mucous membranes, white pulp of the spleen and tonsils.
3.identify the items of the lymph node
ans:
1. efferent lymphatic vessel
2. afferent lymphatic vessel
3. capsule
4. trabecule
5. marginal sinus
6. medullary sinus
7. lymphatic follicle/nodule
8. medullary cord
4.types of T-lymphocyte cells
Helper T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Memory T cells
Regulatory T cells (suppressor T cells)
Natural killer T cells
5. Which of the following is correct about the Hassall’s corpuscle?
1) degenerated epithelial cells with keratin filaments
2) found in thymus medulla
6. Which of the following is correct about the Basophilic granulocytes?
1) they have IgE receptors
2) least amount in differential leukocyte count
3) inflammation mediators
4) contain histamine
7. The name and the size of the biggest cell in the bone marrow?
Ans: megakaryocytes with a diameter of 100 micrometer
8. differential leukocyte count: normal level of the leukocyte in the blood
total amount of leukocytes in blood is 6000-10000/microliter
neutrophils 5000/microliter 60-70 %
eosinophils 150/microliter 2-4 %
basophils 30/microliter 0,5 %
lymphocytes 2400/microliter 28 %
monocytes 350/microliter 5 %
9. Name the structures found in the white pulp of the spleen:
Composed of nodules, called Malpighian corpuscles. These are composed of:
* "lymphoid follicles" (or "follicles"), rich in B-lymphocytes
* "periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths" (PALS), rich in T-lymphocytes
ans: periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS), lymphoid nodules, immobile lymphocytes, blood vessels and reticular CT
10. the type of the epi and the layers of the uterine tube
1. Tunica mucosa
- epi mucosa: simple columnar epi (ciliated, nonciliated and peg/pin cells)
- lamina propria: loose CT + many vessels
2. Tunica muscularis
-inner circular smooth m
- outer longitudinal smooth m
3. Tela subserosa
- loose CT layer
4. Tunica serosa
- peritoneal covering with mesothelial (simple squamous) cells
11.which organ is this? the epi? the layers? which layer is shown in the pic?
- Organ = uterus
- Epi = simple columnar spi
- Layers= perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
Endometrium (is subdivided) = stratum basal and stratum funtionale
Stratum funtionale (is also subdivided) = stratum spongiosum and stratum compactum
- Layer in the pic is= the endometrium
12.lable the names of the structures.
1. mature/ Graafian follicle 5. granulosa cells
2. theca externa 6. corona radiata
3. theca interna 7. cumulus oophorus
4. antrum 8. oocyte
13.what is true about the macula densa?
An area of closely packed specialized cells, lining the region of the distal convoluted tubule lying next to the glomerular vascular pole.
Cells of macula densa are sensitive to the ionic content and water volume of the fluid in the distal convoluted tubule
Cells produce molecular signals that promote renin secretion by other cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
14. something about the filtrationbarrier of the glomerulus?
- It is a basement membrane b/w the endothelial cells of the glomerular capillaries and the podocytes that cover the external surface
- this membrane is believed to separate the urinary space from the blood capillaries
15. identify the glomerulus structures?
1. afferent arteriole
2. distal convoluted tubule
3. vascular pole
4. urinary pole
5. efferent arteriole
6. proximal convoluted tubule
7. macula densa
8. juxtaglomerular cells (modified smooth m.)
9. parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule (simple squamous epi)
10. visceral layer of Bowman’s capsule (podocytes)
16. Four characteristics of the proximal tubule?
Wide lumen and surrounded by peritubular capillaries
brushborder,
simple cuboidal epi cells having an acidophilic cytoplasm due to presence of mtc
apical canaliculi which increases the capacity of the tubules to absorb macromolecules
17. Identify the organ in the pic?
Names of the tubule?
The epithelium?
Which hormone producing cells are in the interstitium?
Ans: the organ is testis
Name of the tubule is seminiferous tubule
Epi of seminiferous tubule is germinal or seminiferous epithelium (cuboidal epi)
Leydig’s interstitial cells
18. what is true about the male urethra? what opens directly in the urethra?
Prostate, Bulbourethral gland, Urethral glands
19. middle piece of the sperm?
Where the axonema starts
The axonema and dense fibers are surrounded by a sheath of mtc.
Middle piece terminates by a dense ring called the anulus
20. epi of the following...
straight seminiferous tubule simple cuboidal
uterine tube simple columnar
ureter transitional or urothelium
proximal renal tubule simple cuboidal
deferent duct pseudostratified columnar
spongious part of urethra stratified columnar
renal pelvis transitional or urothelium
navicular fossa non-keratinized stratified squamous
21. lable the penis?
1. corpora cavernosa
2. urethra
3. corpus spongiosum
4. tunica albuginea
5. deep artery
The epi in nr 2?
stratified columnar?