Daniel W Murphy
December 6, 2004
AHRD 670
Al Menard
AHRD 670 FINAL EXAM 2004
History: Colonial Colleges 1636-1776
Primary Purpose:
-Wanted to focus on religion, but also wanted to bring higher education to the colonies. Students that went to school were going to fill an elite role in society. Higher education was the way for a person to "make a man of himself."
Noteworthy Institutions and Key Individuals:
Harvard
-First colonial college.
-Puritan Institution.
-Named after John Harvard
-Purpose: To teach young men to understand God's word and duty to fellow man.
-David Hursten was the first president.
-John Leverett decided that he wanted to take college into a more liberal direction.
-Faculty and Staff were made up of graduates from Oxford and Cambridge.
-Administration was composed of a Board of Overseers and the Harvard Corporation.
William and Mary
-Created by land given my King William and Queen Mary.
-Faculty and Staff were made up of graduates from Oxford and Cambridge.
Yale
-Named after Elihu Yale.
-Cotton Mather was upset about the direction that Harvard was taking, and pushed for the creation of Yale, and provided them with resources to begin.
-Founded by John Davenport.
-Purpose: To provide a more conservative religious approach in the New England area.
-Faculty and Staff were ministers.
-Administration was Congregational Council and The Yale Corporation.
University of Pennsylvania
-Benjamin Franklin took over the running of the university.
-Purpose: An institution that was created to allow more students, other than just upper middle class attend school. They also wanted to teach the word of God.
-Faculty and Staff were Quakers.
Princeton
-Activity recruited students of all religious denominations.
-Faculty and Staff were graduates Yale
-Direct result of the Great Awakening
Colombia
-Faculty and Staff were graduates of Harvard and Yale
Brown
-Founded by the Baptist Church
-Faculties were ministers and graduates of the college.
Rutgers
-Anglican
-Closely associated with the church
-President kept in communication with the Church of England
Dartmouth
-Purpose: To educate Native Americans and English Youth
-Ended up admitting upper-middle class white students.
Types of Students Educated:
-16 year-old men from upper-middle class families.
-They had been privately tutored and we're proficient in Latin and Greek.
-Went to school to fill the elite role in society.
-Even of the population described above, there were not very many people taking advantage of the chance to pursue higher education.
Curriculum:
-David Hursten initiated the idea of the trivium and quadrivium from the medieval colleges into the colonial colleges.
-The students also focused on science, liberal arts, and divinity.
Faculty and Administration:
-Faculty focused on teaching more than research
-Class usually consisted of Oral Lectures
-At the end of their four years in school, students would be responsible for declamations which summarized what they had learned in their time their.
-They would engage students in disputations, or debates over subject material.
-Head of the Administration was called the Rector.
-In many schools, the administration was composed of clergy, but there were also some academes.
-As the period began, most faculty had studied in England and then returned to the United States to teach. As time progressed, the colonial colleges began graduating their own professors, and the American professor became a popular idea.
Student Life:
-European vs. American Model
-European
-Campus were highly residential
-Deans handled discipline
American
-Lack of dormitory life
-Faculty responsible for discipline
-Everyone took the same classes
-Small, close-knit communities
-Idea of fagging, or picking on freshmen was a popular phenomenon that led to great divides between classes.
-Hazing was popular, with the idea of "rush"
-Literary Societies were a big deal
-Extremely competitive between the different societies
-Evolved into the modern fraternity
Role of Government:
-Government actually set up, or provided for the opening of many of the colonial colleges.
-Government funding went to all of the schools, save one.
-In many instances, government officials would sit on the governing boards of the colonial colleges.
Legal: Family Education Right to Privacy Act of 1974 (FERPA)
This Act allows for the protection of educational records of those associated with any college or university.
Educational Records - any piece of information leading to a student’s identity or relationship within the college or university, academic standing, or personal information.
Who is protected?
-Currently enrolled students (regardless of age)
-Students that have graduated from the University
Who is not protected?
-Students that apply but do not enroll.
-Students that are dependent on parents (according to tax files)
Who has access to educational records?
-Institutional Officials - if being used for legitimate purposes
-Parents - ONLY of students who are claimed as dependents on parent's tax form
-Criminal/Judicial Officials with court subpoena
-Anyone that a student designates can access the information.
What areas of the college are affected?
-Almost All
-Registrar
-Business Office
-University Information
-Residence Life
-Athletics - they run under different guidelines when it comes to publicizing student information
-Student Services
-Counseling Center
-Public Safety
What information is available?
-Directory Information
-Institutions may publicize name, address, phone number, email, parent’s names, etc for use in an institutional directory
-Universities may use educational records for the use in doing statistical research and strategic planning
How risk of civil or criminal liability can be reduced?
-Know the law.
-Always error on the side of caution.
-Make students aware of their rights to privacy.
-Make options for privacy well known on campus
-Educated departments/employees on FERPA and the risks involved
Major Issue: Parents are infamous for calling the institution where their child goes to school and requesting information about their child. If the student has not given the institution the authority to release that information, a school is not able to. This can cause conflict with parents, and strain parent relations with the university.
Pros of FERPA-
-Independent Students retain privacy in their education
-You never know a parents motive for having such information
-Maintain loyalty to the student
-Creates a safe environment for student to share without fear of parental notification
-Treats students like adults
Cons of FERPA-
-Parent relations can be strained
-May result in negative feedback on employee handling the situation
-Parent may have a legitimate concern about their students well being and we are unable to help them
Major: List and describe the three major roles of faculty. Also discuss the current issue surrounding tenure, academic freedom, and faculty development in relation to these three roles.
Three Main Roles:
-Teaching
-Commitment to student learning
-Leading edge of instructional techniques
-Student Success
-Staying up-to-date with the latest in information on their subject
-Research
-Cutting edge of research in field
-Grant money provides additional resources to the school/department
-Bringing latest in research into the classroom
-Making connections between the classroom and laboratory
-Service
-Internal-Service
-Program Review
-Serve on Institutional/Departmental Committees
-Tutoring
-Advising
-Letters of Recommendation
-Serving on Thesis Committees
-External-Service
-Civic Duty
-Being a citizen of the community
-Service Learning
Current Issues:
Tenure-
-The idea of security in one's job after meeting the requirements set forth by an institution.
-On The Tenure Track:
-Professors
-Researchers
-Librarians
-Assistant Professors
-Associate Professors
-Support for Tenure
-Allows the freedom to discuss openly and freely in the classroom.
-Protects professors from the political influence of the community
-Allows for the balance of professional vs. private citizen without fear of losing job
-Concerns
-Protects "deadwood" at the university.
-Financially risky move for higher education the business
-Unrealistic with the economic burdens on the rest of society
-Still concerned with discrimination of women and minorities
-Also concerned with not ONLY hiring women and minorities
-The political agendas of administrators when discussing tenure review.
Academic Freedom-
-American Association of United Professors
-Freedom to discuss research openly and freely in a classroom environment
-Allows faculty to remain in control of the curriculum.
-Ability to be both employee of the university and maintain views as a private citizen
-Problem with both public and private institutions.
-Private institutions have more control over faculty and staff as well as curriculum.
Faculty Development-
-Personal Development
-Concern about the whole person, takes on a holistic approach.
-Providing opportunities to grow personally with in the job.
-Professional Development
-Providing opportunities to gain more knowledge and stay on the leading edge of their profession.
-Giving faculty the tools to remain competitive.
-Growth within the profession.
-Institutional Development
-The option to be involved in the college community
-Providing faculty with new approaches to teaching and approaching material.
Tenure and academic freedom are integrated in with the teaching and research responsibilities of faculty in today's institutions. Research is always on the cutting edge, and the ability to be able to bring that research into the classroom and provide a safe environment for faculty to share those ideas and discuss them openly with students is very important.
Faculty development plays an important role in all three aspects of the faculty. Institutional development can help a faculty member grown in their position as an instructor and relating to the students that they work with. Professional development will provide this faculty with opportunities to grow within their field and connect with other researchers around the world, which may lead to great collaboration and further discoveries. Personal development can be explored through the service role that a faculty member is expected to fulfill. Increased involvement around the campus community and beyond can lead to great personal (and professional) growth.
Major: Describe the three types of International Education and the environmental influences of each. List the advantages, disadvantages, and challenges involved.
International Education-
3 types:
-Total Immersion
- A program like this would enroll students in a college or university in a different country. They would take classes with students native to that country and are completely engrossed in the new culture.
-Example: If I were to study abroad in Paris, France and I were enrolled in the University of Paris. I would stay in their housing facilities and take classes with French natives. The language and the culture would surround me all the time.
-Advantages
-Immersed in the culture
-Learn language faster
-Real life experience in that country
-Disadvantages/Challenges
-Difficult if you do not know the language
-Culture shock
-May inhibit classroom learning
-Protective Studies
-This is a program where a student would be housed and takes classes that are sponsored, or ran, by their home institution.
-Example: Students that study abroad in London, but take part in the Madison House are part of a Protective Studies program. They live in housing sponsored by JMU and take classes with other American students, only in London.
-Advantages
-Get the experience of being in another country with the comforts of being surrounded by people you are comfortable with
-Learn more, because they are studying in native language
-Sharing the experience with people that you will be going back to the States with
-Disadvantages/Challenges
-Less experience with the culture of the area you are visiting
-Takes longer to learn the language and customs
-Tour Model
-This is a shorter program, often 2-weeks to a summer in length. Students in this program usually travel with other students from the school or the same country. Many of these trips allow for visiting more of the country or region that you are going to.
-Example: I signed up to go on a tour of Brazil for two weeks through a program at my institution. A group of us will travel, usually with a teacher/tour guide as we see a lot of the country and learn about the country/region while we are there.
-Advantages
-May see more of country/region
-Less academically intensive
-More exposure to different customs within a country
-Disadvantages/Challenges
-Difficult to learn language
-May come across as touristy
-Less likely to get outside of the comfort zone
Advantages to International Education:
-Create a Worldly View
-Strengthens International Relations
-Meet people from different cultures
-Generates more life experiences, and in different settings
-Promote greater learning
-More competitive in the world market
Disadvantages/Challenges:
-Can delay studies/graduation
-May be expensive
-Some faculty/staff don't promote International Education