Chapter 7: Community Ecology
1. Describe the three characteristics that describe a biological community.
2.Distinguish among the following roles played by species and give one example of each: native species, nonnative species, indicator species, keystone species. Explain why these labels are important.
3.Distinguish among the following species interactions and give one example of each: interspecific competition, predation, and symbiosis. Distinguish between interference competition and exploitation competition. Summarize the competitive exclusion principle. List two strategies species use to reduce competition.
4.List two strategies that predators use to capture their prey. List at least five strategies that prey use to defend themselves against predators.
5.Distinguish among three forms of symbiotic relationships and give one example of each: parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism.
6.Define succession. Distinguish between primary and secondary succession. Describe how humans affect communities
Community Ecology1
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Key Terms (Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)
Community Ecology1
alien species (p. 145)
Community Ecology1
balance of nature (p. 158)
behavioral strategies (p. 153)
camouflage (p. 152)
carnivores (p. 152)
chemical warfare (p. 152)
climax community (p. 158)
commensalism (p. 155)
constancy (p. 158)
dung beetle (p. 148)
early successional plant species
ecological succession (p. 155)
epiphytes (p. 155)
facilitation (p. 155)
foundation species (p. 149)
gut inhabitant mutualism
herbivore poisons (p. 152)
herbivore repellants (p. 152)
host (p. 153)
indicator species (p. 146)
inertia (p. 158)
intermediate disturbance hypothesis (p. 157)
interspecific competition
invasive species (p. 145)
keystone species (p. 148)
late successional plant species
midsuccessional plant species
mimicry (p. 153)
mutualism (p. 154)
native species (p. 145)
niche structure (p. 145)
nonnative species (p. 145)
parasitism (p. 153)
persistence (p. 158)
physical appearance (p. 145)
Piaster orchaceus (p. 148)
pioneer species (p. 156)
predation (p. 151)
predator-prey relationship
primary succession (p. 155)
resilience (p. 158)
resource partitioning (p. 150)
secondary succession (p. 155)
species diversity(p. 145)
species evenness(p. 145)
species richness(p. 145)
top predator (p. 148)
warning coloration (p. 152)
Community Ecology1
Population Ecology1
Chapter 8: Population Ecology
1.Describe the various types of population distribution patterns that can occur in nature and comment on which is most common and why.
2.Define birth rate, death rate, immigration, and emigration. Write an equation to mathematically describe the relationship between these rates and the rate of population change.
3.Define limiting factor. Give an example of a resource that would be limiting in an ecosystem.
4.Define exponential growth.
5.Compare a J-shaped growth curve with a S-shaped growth curve and comment on the factors that produce the sigmoid (S-shaped) curve.
6.Define carrying capacity and explain what determines the carrying capacity of an ecosystem.
7.Explain density-dependent population controls and density-independent population controls.
8.List the four general types of population fluctuations in nature. Indicate which of these is most common.
9.Discuss the relationships between predators and prey and the possible interactions upon each other.
10.Define r-selected species and K-selected species and compare the two. Give an example for each type of species reproductive pattern.
11.Describe the three general types of survivorship curves in nature.
Population Ecology1
Key Terms:
age structure (p. 162)
asexual reproduction (p. 167)
biotic potential (p. 163)
boom-and-bust cycles (p. 166)
bottom-up control population regulation (p. 166)
carrying capacity (K) (p. 163)
clumping (p. 162)
constant loss curves (p. 169)
cyclicfluctuations (p. 166)
density-dependent population controls (p. 165)
density-independent population controls (p. 165)
dieback (crash) (p. 164)
dispersion (p. 162)
early loss curves (p. 169)
environmental resistance
exponential growth (p. 163)
intrinsic rate of increase (r)
irregular fluctuations (p. 166)
irruptive population fluctuations
K-selected species (p. 168)
late loss curves (p. 169)
life expectancies (p. 169)
life table (p. 169)
logistic growth (p. 164)
opportunists (p. 167)
overshoots (p. 164)
population density (p. 165)
population distribution (p. 162)
population dynamics (p. 161)
postreproductive stage (p. 162)
prereproductive stage(p. 162)
random dispersion (p. 162)
reproductive stage (p. 162)
reproductive time lag (p. 164)
r-selected species (p. 167)
sexual reproduction (p. 167)
stable population fluctuations
survivorship curve (p. 169)
top-down control population regulation (p. 166)
uniform dispersion (p. 162)
Population Ecology1
Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population and Its Impact1
Chapter 9-Applying Population Ecology:
1.Define birth rate, death rate, emigration rate, and immigration rate. Write an equation to mathematically describe the relationship between these rates and the rate of population change.
2.Distinguish between replacement-level fertility and total fertility rate. Describe how total fertility rate affects population growth. List at least five factors that affect birth and fertility rates and five factors that affect death rate.
3.Summarize changes over time in the U.S. population growth rate. Give reasons for the high rate of teen pregnancy in the United States compared to the rate in other industrialized countries. Draw connections between population growth and environmental degradation in California.
4.Define infant mortality rate. Explain why it is considered a good indicator of quality of life.
5.Compare rates of population growth in developed countries and developing countries. Explain the differences you find.
6.Using population age structure diagrams, explain how the age structure of a country creates population growth momentum. Summarize problems associated with a baby boom and a declining population.
7.Summarize key factors used to influence population size: immigration policy, family planning, economic rewards and penalties, empowering women. Summarize the current attitudes toward immigration policy in the United States.
8.List the four stages of the demographic transition. List social, biological, political, and economic issues that can be addressed to help developing countries undergo a demographic transition. List three factors that may limit the effectiveness of a demographic transition in influencing population size.
9.Compare and evaluate the population policies of India and China. Summarize what we have learned from decades of trying to influence human population growth. List the major goals of the UN Conference on Population and Development.
Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population and Its Impact1
Key Terms:
age structure (p. 178)
baby-boom period (p. 175)
birth rate (p. 173)
crude birth rate (p. 173)
crude death rate (p. 174)
cultural carrying capacity (p.
death rate (p. 174)
demographic transition
demographic trap (p. 183)
demographically divided world
emigration (p. 177)
family planning (p. 184)
fertility (p. 173)
fertility (p. 174)
gender imbalance (p. 187)
industrial stage (p. 183)
infant mortality rate (p. 177)
life expectancy (p. 177)
migration (p. 177)
optimum sustainable population
population change (p. 173)
postindustrial stage (p. 183)
postreproductive (p. 178)
preindustrial stage (p. 183)
prereproductive (p. 178)
replacement-level fertility
reproductive (p. 178)
total fertility rate (TFR) (
transitional stage (p. 183)
urbanization (p. 176)
Applying Population Ecology: The Human Population and Its Impact1