Gastrointestinal Infectious Diseases
Staphylococcus aureus- (G+ cocci)
Many strains are drug resistant (MRSA), most common ______
Disease:“food poisoning”, likely among the most common
Cramping, vomiting, diarrhea, nausea- 2 to 6 hour onset, ______
Caused by ______…(implications???) – 7 toxins produced
Transmission: typically meats (ham), chicken, custards, cream pies, other dairy products (human nose/hands reservoir for ______, oral entry)
Clostridium perfringens- (G+ spore-forming bacilli)
Disease: ______symptoms (very common…~1 million per year U.S.) 8-16 hours after ingestion
Nausea and diarrhea caused by ______(heat-labile)…no fever or vomiting
Transmission: high quantity of inoculum oral entry of spore-contaminated meats and vegetables (______)
Clostridium botulinum- (human disease caused by 4 of 7 strains)
Disease: double vision, dizziness, ______
Cause- botulinum toxin (botox) interferes with neuromuscular junctions (due to ______)
70% mortality without supportive care, 10% with ______
Transmission: oral entry of spores on veggies, fruits (insufficient canning processes), honey, occasionally meats and fish and dairy; ______
Treatment: ______available (lowers mortality to 5%)
Clostridium difficile- (microbiota of ______)
Disease: watery, foul diarrhea, sometimes bloody due to hemorrhaging of GI
Caused by toxin release
Overpopulation of C. difficile and toxin release occurs when ______
______(often in hospital patients)
Transmission: oral-fecal, or normal flora
Listeria monocytogenes- (G+ bacilli)
Non-fastidious, resistant to ______
Disease: mild food poisoning symptoms, sore throat, muscle aches, headache
Most harmful to pregnant women- ______
Fetus- ______
Transmission: typically ______products, meats, poultry, soil, ______
Salmonella enteritidis- (G- bacilli) several strains known to cause disease
High quantity of inoculum
Disease: 6-24 hour onset of _____, vomiting, diarrhea, fluid loss lasting for ______
Transmission: fecal contaminated food (esp. ______) or water, primarily from ______(but found in most animals)
Shigella sp.- (G- bacilli, several different species)
Low quantity of inoculum…______
Disease: Shigellosis- 1-2 day incubation for onset of fever, cramps, watery or bloody diarrhea ______(Shiga toxin)
______even after recovery
Transmission: human reservoir, fecal contaminated food (esp. ______) or water (or really any fomite)
Escherichia coli- (G- bacilli, over 150 known strains, most are ______)
Only few strains pathogenic
Disease: mild to severe hemorrhagic GI disease (leading cause of ______)
Caused by variety of heat-stable and heat-labile toxins, attachment proteins for colonization. Over-stimulation of ______
Transmission: ______, unpasteurized milk, water (fecal-oral)
Campylobacter jejuni- (G- vibrio)
most common reported bacterial GI pathogen ( ______)
Disease: 2-7 day incubation…mild to severe diarrhea, fever, abdominal pain…bloody stool due to intestinal perforation. ______.
Caused by a heat-labile toxin or shiga-like toxin
Can lead to ______(autoimmune nerve damage, paralysis)
Transmission: fecal material or contamination of food/water by ______, turkey, cattle
Rotavirus- (RNA naked virus)
(most common gastroenteritis in ______)
Disease: infects epithelia of small intestine to cause watery diarrhea…dehydration! Kills ______each year worldwide.
Transmission: fecal contamination of water ( ______)
Vaccine pulled from market in 1998, new vaccine re-introduced in 2005.
Norovirus (formerlyNorwalk virus)- (RNA naked virus)
(may cause as much as ______in U.S….~20 million cases/year)
Disease: 1-2 days nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fever
Transmission: fecal contamination of water and food ( ______), direct person-to-person… ______
Giardia lamblia (aka G. intestinalis)- (protozoan)
Low quantity of inoculum, ______
Disease: 1-4 week incubation, ______
Sudden-onset of watery, smelly diarrhea, cramps, ______
Transmission: fecal contaminated water (humans and other animals)
Raw veggies and fruits
Prevention and treatment: boil or filter water, quinacrine, metronidazole
Cryptosporidium sp.- (protozoan)
Low quantity of inoculum, chlorine resistant
Disease: 1 week incubation, often asymptomatic, mild watery diarrhea for 1-2 weeks…______
Transmission: fecal contaminated water (various animals)