AP Bio Chap 54 Community Ecology

AP Bio Chap 54 Community Ecology

1. What is a community?

2. Interspecific interactions are relationships between species in a community. ______

______occurs when species compete for a resource in short supply.

- can lead to ______or local elimination of a

competitive species

-  What does Gause’s Competitive Exclusion Principle state?

-  What is the ecological niche of an organism?

-  What is resource partitioning?

-  What is the difference in a fundamental niche and a realized niche?

Question: Two species of Anolis lizards are often found perched and feeding in the same trees, with species I in the upper and outer branches, and species II occupying the shady inner branches. After removing one or the other species in test trees, an ecologist observes the following results: Species I sis found throughout the branches of trees in which it is now the sole occupant. Species II is still found only in the shady interior when it is the sole occupant. What do these results indicate about the niches of these two species?

3. ______in an interaction in which one species kills and eats the other.

- What are some adaptations of the predator to be successful at this relationship?

-  What are some adaptations of the prey?

4. ______is a interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga

-  List some of the herbivore’s adaptations:

- List some of the plant’s adaptations:

5. ______is a relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate

contact with one another. Give a + or - or 0 (no effect) for the following types:

a) Parasitism

b) Mutualism

c) Commensalism

-  What is the difference in a obligate and facultative mutualism?

Question: Give types of symbiosis. If mututalism, be specific.

______Acacia Tree and Ants

______clown fish and sea anemones

______epiphytes and trees they live on

______cattle egrets and cattle that flush insects

______microorganisms in termites and ruminants

6. Two fundamental features of community structure are species diversity and feeding relationships.

- What is species diversity?

-  It has two components: Define each.

- 

a)  species richness

b)  relative abundance

- Two species can have the same ______but a different ______

______.

What can you say about the species richness and species abundance of the two plots above?

7. ______is the feeding relationships between organisms in a community.

- ______link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores

- ______diagrams complex trophic relationships

- With a food web, a food chain consists of ______or fewer links. According to the Energetic

Hypothesis, why is this so?

- Only about ______percent of the biomass (total mass of all individuals) of one trophic level is

converted to the biomass of the next level.

8. Certain species have a large impact on community structure. What is a dominant species?

-  Give two hypotheses that explain dominant species?

-  How do invasive species become dominant?

-  Give 4 examples of invasive species.

-  What is a keystone species? Give an example.

11. What is ecological succession?

- Distinguish whether the following are primary or secondary succession and why.

(a) vegetation on a volcanic island

(b) trees coming back after the fire in the Okeefenokee Swamp

(c) The climax community is the stable final stage of succession. What would be the climax

community in the diagram depicted below?

13. Community biodiversity is affected by biogeographic features such as ______

and ______.

a) It generally ______along an equatorial-polar gradients and is especially great in

the ______. .

a) Why do the tropics have greater biodiversity in terms of their climate and evolution?

c) Also, typically, a larger area has ______species.

14. Islands help ecologists to study factors that impact biodiversity. MacArthur came to the following

conclusions about island ecology.

- species richness on islands depends on:

a)

b)

c)

d)

•  Question: An island's distance from a mainland source of new immigrants, despite its size, is an important factor in species diversity.Even if two islands are the exact same size and all other factors are constant, which island is more likely to attract a larger number of immigrant species?

15. Community ecology is useful for understanding pathogen life cycles and controlling human disease.

Pathogens can alter community structure quickly and extensively. The spread of pathogens has

been increased due to ______. ______

Pathogens have been transferred from animals to humans, called a ______.

This can be direct or through a vector. Examples? ______