Investigating the Phytoavailability of Trace Elements in Contaminated Agricultural Soils

Investigating the phytoavailability of trace elements in contaminated agricultural soils and health risks via consumption of water spinach grown under field conditions in Zhuzhou, China

JiningLi1HongHou1,* YuanWei1, LongZhao1, JuanZhang1, YuxianShangguan1, YafeiXu1, ZengguangYan1, FashengLi1

1State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk AssessmentChinese Research Academy of Environmental SciencesDayangfang 8Beijing100012People’s Republic of China

Email:

Table 1 (ESM only) Average trace element concentrations (mg kg-1) found in the study area and in otherareas/cities
Areas/Cities / Cd / Cu / Pb / Zn / As / References
Zhuzhou, China / 4.16 / 60.5 / 152 / 403 / 39.1 / This study
Zhuzhou, China / 7.29 / 227 / 723 / 4731 / 64.8 / Lei et al. (2008)
Zhuzhou,China / 18.27 / NA / 865 / 955 / 122 / Song et al. (2009)
Zhuzhou, China / 11.2 / 66.9 / 403 / 833 / 39.8 / Li et al. (2011)
Nanjing, China / 1.20 / 1062 / NA / 321 / NA / Luo et al. (2006)
Yangzhong, Jiangsu,China / 0.300 / 33.9 / 35.7 / 98.1 / 10.2 / Huang et al. (2007)
Central Gansu, China / NA / 17.1 / 23.3 / NA / 8.80 / Li et al. (2008)
Jiangsu,China / 0.156 / 35.9 / 32.8 / 108 / NA / Cao et al. (2010)
Shunyi, Beijing, China / 0.136 / 22.4 / 20.4 / 69.8 / 7.85 / Lu et al. (2012)
Huizhou, Guangdong, China / 0.100 / 16.7 / 44.7 / 57.2 / 10.2 / Cai et al. (2012)
Dehui, Changchun, China / NA / 18.9 / 35.4 / 58.9 / NA / Sun et al. (2013)
Fuyang, Zhejiang, China / 8.80 / 69.4 / 35.9 / 2048 / NA / Zhang et al. (2013)
Fuyang, Zhejiang, China / 6.00 / 542 / 895 / 4043 / NA / Zhang et al. (2013)
Dexing, Jiangxi,China / 1.22 / 138 / 125 / 171 / 34.0 / Liu et al. (2013)
Nanpan River, Yunnan, China / 2.38 / 40.2 / 47.0 / 157 / NA / Yang et al. (2013)
Anhui, China / 0.307 / NA / 24.5 / NA / 5.25 / Zhao et al. (2014)
Ebro basin, Spain / 0.415 / 17.3 / 17.5 / 17.5 / NA / Martin et al. (2006)
Alicante, Spain / 0.340 / 22.5 / 22.8 / 52.8 / NA / Micó et al. (2006)
Dinajpur,Bangladesh / NA / NA / 433 / 296 / 17.6 / Bhuiyan et al. (2010)
Vadodara, Gujarat, India / 19.3 / 18.4 / 13.1 / 85.4 / 9.62 / Tiwari et al.(2011)
Wukro, Tigray, Ethiopia / 0.750 / 25.3 / 3.27 / 51.8 / NA / Gebrekidan et al. (2013)
Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt / 2.09 / 55.1 / 88.7 / NA / NA / Elbana et al. (2013)
NA: not available
Table 2 (ESM only) Stepwise multiple regression equations of trace elements in water spinach edible parts (EP) as a function of extractable trace elements by different extraction methods and soil properties (n = 38)
Method / Multiple linear regression equations / R2 / p
CaCl2 / log10CdEP = 0.731 + 0.477 log10 CdCaCl2 / 0.554 / 0.000
log10 CdEP =- 1.42 + 0.597 log10 CdCaCl2 + 0.289 pH – 0.292 log10 AP + 0.739 log10 CEC / 0.787 / 0.000
log10ZnEP = 1.64 + 0.252 log10 ZnCaCl2 / 0.317 / 0.000
log10ZnEP = 3.71 + 0.287 log10 ZnCaCl2 + 0.799 log10 CEC – 1.13 log10 AN – 0.624 log10 Clay / 0.540 / 0.000
log10AsEP = 0.370 + 0.283 log10 AsCaCl2 / 0.237 / 0.002
log10AsEP = 1.75 + 0.527 log10 AsCaCl2 – 0.524 log10 AP / 0.356 / 0.001
HAc / log10CdEP = 0.120 + 0.667 log10CdHAc / 0.540 / 0.000
log10CdEP = 2.28 + 0.929 log10CdHAc – 0.508 log10 AP – 0.191 pH / 0.770 / 0.000
log10PbEP = 0.133 + 0.758 log10PbHAc / 0.485 / 0.000
log10 ZnEP =1.17 + 0.291 log10ZnHAc / 0.283 / 0.001
log10 ZnEP =1.57 + 0.556 log10ZnHAc – 0.199 pH – 0.296 log10 AP + 0.684 log10 CEC / 0.637 / 0.000
log10AsEP = -0.0230 + 0.241 log10AsHAc / 0.230 / 0.002
AEDTA / log10CdEP = 0.0770 + 0.592 log10CdAEDTA / 0.516 / 0.000
log10CdEP = 2.43 + 0.869 log10CdAEDTA – 0.518 log10 AP – 0.222 pH / 0.773 / 0.000
log10PbEP = -1.22 + 0.923 log10PbAEDTA / 0.500 / 0.000
log10ZnEP = 1.24 + 0.256 log10 ZnAEDTA / 0.235 / 0.002
log10ZnEP = 0.0480 + 0.508 log10 ZnAEDTA – 0.226 pH – 1.36 log10 TN +0.822 log10 CEC / 0.630 / 0.000
log10AsEP = -0.225 + 0.330 log10AsAEDTA / 0.375 / 0.000
log10AsEP = -0.476 + 0.484 log10AsAEDTA – 0.407 log10 AP / 0.472 / 0.000
HClO4-HNO3-HF / log10CdEP = -0.0900 + 0.692 log10 CdTotal / 0.479 / 0.000
log10CdEP = 2.35 + 1.08 log10 CdTotal– 0.603 log10 AP – 0.226 pH / 0.768 / 0.000
log10PbEP = -1.90 + 1.12 log10PbTotal / 0.440 / 0.000
log10ZnEP = 0.367 + 0.540 log10 ZnTota / 0.387 / 0.000
log10ZnEP = 0.968 + 0.746 log10 ZnTotal– 0.174 pH / 0.583 / 0.000
log10AsEP = -0.862 + 0.530 log10AsTotal / 0.330 / 0.000
CEC, Cation exchange capacity; AP, Available phosphorus; TN,Total nitrogen; AN, Available nitrogen; AEDTA, acid ammonium acetate EDTA
Table 3 (ESM only) Stepwise multiple regression equations of trace elements in water spinach roots (Root) as a function of extractable trace elements by different extraction methods and soil properties (n = 38)
Method / Multiple linear regression equations / R2 / p
CaCl2 / log10CdRoot = 0.880 + 0.494 log10 CdCaCl2 / 0.577 / 0.000
log10CdRoot = -1.47 + 0.637 log10 CdCaCl2 + 0.331 pH – 0.256 log10 AP + 0.663 log10 CEC / 0.852 / 0.000
log10ZnRoot = 1.82 + 0.286 log10 ZnCaCl2 / 0.408 / 0.000
log10ZnRoot = -0.291 + 0.341 log10 ZnCaCl2 + 0.833 log10 CEC / 0.510 / 0.000
log10AsRoot = 1.18 + 0.412 log10 AsCaCl2 / 0.402 / 0.000
log10AsRoot = 2.62 + 0.666 log10 AsCaCl2 – 0.546 log10 AP / 0.506 / 0.000
HAc / log10CdRoot = 0.247 + 0.739 log10CdHAc / 0.644 / 0.000
log10CdRoot = 2.32 + 0.990 log10CdHAc – 0.480 log10 AP – 0.183 pH / 0.849 / 0.000
log10PbRoot = 0.104 + 0.875 log10 PbHAc / 0.655 / 0.000
log10PbRoot = -1.43 + 0.853 log10 PbHAc + 1.12 log10 CEC / 0.695 / 0.000
log10ZnRoot = 1.23 + 0.357 log10ZnHAc / 0.420 / 0.000
log10ZnRoot = 1.62 + 0.622 log10ZnHAc – 0.187 pH – 0.323 log10 AP + 0.674 log10 CEC / 0.758 / 0.000
log10AsRoot = 0.630 + 0.371 log10AsHAc / 0.451 / 0.000
log10AsRoot = 1.80 + 0.603 log10AsHAc – 0.584 log10 AP / 0.576 / 0.000
AEDTA / log10CdRoot = 0.200 + 0.658 log10CdAEDTA / 0.621 / 0.000
log10CdRoot = 2.48 + 0.927 log10CdAEDTA – 0.499 pH – 0.216 log10 AP / 0.855 / 0.000
log10PbRoot= -1.39 + 1.02 log10PbAEDTA / 0.621 / 0.000
log10PbRoot= 0.396 + 1.32 log10PbAEDTA – 0.235 pH – 0.430 log10 AP / 0.766 / 0.000
log10ZnRoot = 0.128 + 0.330 log10ZnAEDTA / 0.385 / 0.000
log10ZnRoot = 0.846 + 0.634 log10 ZnAEDTA–0.220 pH–0.213 log10 AP + 0.737 log10 CEC–0.893 log10 TN / 0.786 / 0.000
log10AsRoot = 0.346 + 0.434 log10AsAEDTA / 0.538 / 0.000
log10AsRoot = 1.05 + 0.588 log10AsAEDTA – 0.408 log10 AP / 0.619 / 0.000
HClO4-HNO3-HF / log10CdRoot = 0.0100 + 0.782 log10CdTotal / 0.595 / 0.000
log10CdRoot = 2.43 + 1.17 log10CdTotal – 0.595 log10 AP – 0.223 pH / 0.869 / 0.000
log10 PbRoot = -2.16 + 1.25 log10PbTotal / 0.559 / 0.000
log10 PbRoot = 2.38 + 1.53 log10PbTotal – 0.258 pH – 1.66 log10 AN / 0.688 / 0.000
log10ZnRoot = 0.286 + 0.647 log10 ZnTotal / 0.551 / 0.000
log10ZnRoot = 0.839 + 0.837 log10 ZnTotal – 0.160 pH / 0.715 / 0.000
log10AsRoot = -0.403 + 0.635 log10 AsTotal / 0.392 / 0.000