Study Guide - Chapter 3 Unit Test

Name: ______

Study Guide - Chapter 3 Unit Test

CREATE 2 column study notes on the following. Do NOT try to fit answers on this paper! Fold your paper in vertically in half.

1)Long Answer: Will be on mercantilism. Be able to tell me about:

-How the system worked - triangular trade – England traded rum and guns to Africans in exchange for African slaves. Slaves were brought to the 13 colonies as labourers on the massive farms which required a lot of people. Cotton, tabacco and other natural resources/crops were sent back to England. England became rich off of the natural resources taken from the colony. Slavery was a key part of how England became rich in this system

-Who was involved/where it happened – England, 13 colonies (modern USA states along east coast) and West coast of Africa

-Effects (who benefitted, who suffered) – this system made England rich as well as the wealthy land owners in America. The slaves in Africa suffered – they were dehumanized and treated as livestock/property. Africans suffered as well – they lost millions of able bodied people as a result of the slave trade, they became dependent on England for guns and their economy collapsed when the slave trade ended. They became easier targets for colonization by the Europeans which saw many countries take control of pieces of Africa for their own financial gain. The slave trade rebranded slavery to be equal to being black and in being black, being less than a person. These ideas that white is superior to other races, persists today around the world.

2)Know your explorers:

a)John Cabot - discovered and claimed Newfoundland for the British. England came back every spring/summer to fish off the shores.

b)Samuel Hearne – first explorer to reach the Artic Ocean. Depended heavily on the Dene (Den-ay) people, especially Mattonnabee.

c)James Cook – famous explorer, known in Canada for exploring the Pacific coast and finding “soft gold” or seal pelts that were worth a lot of money.

d)Roald Amundsen – Norwegian explorer who discovered the Northwest Passage (in addition to the south and likely the north poles).

e)Henry Kelsey – Hudson Bay explorer – set out from York factory on foot and travelled to modern day Saskatchewan where he met and lived amongst the Cree people.

f)Anthony Henday – Hudson Bay explorer – set out from York factory and reached modern day Red Deer. He met with the Siksika people and tried to convince them to “trade for profit” This was a change, since they had always only hunted for what amount was needed. They rejected his offer.

g)George Vancouver – Vancouver is named after this Pacific explorer. He was looking for a Pacific entrance to the Northwest Passage. In the process, he mapped the coast line proving there was NO Pacific entrance to the passage.

3)Understand what happened to the Beothuk and how they became extinct.

The Beothuk left the coast to avoid the British. Retreating inland led to starvation. European diseases took a heavy toll. Violence between the groups would escalate with England eventually hunting and killing the remaining Beothuk people.

4)Describe the interactions of the Mikmaq people and the British. Why is there a modern pushback on the statue of Cornwallis or the town named after him? Should landmarks be renamed when the person committed atrocities?

The interaction between the Mikmaq and the British was not positive. Mikmaq resisted England’s taking over traditional land that was significant to their spiritual beliefs. England decided to show their dominance over the Mikmaq. Corwallis issued the “Scalping Proclamation” that put a bounty on the heads of the Mikmaq men, women and children. The government rewarded those who would bring in the scalps. There is pushback on him being honored because of the atrocities he unleashed on the Mikmaq people. It is a personal opinion on how you feel we should deal with the darker sides of history. How can we remember but also be respectful?

5)Explain to me a few reasons why the 13 Colonies in the modern day USA grew more quickly than the French colony in modern Canada called New France.

a)Religion – 13 colonies allowed multiple faiths, New France only allowed Catholics.

b)Trade – 13 colonies allowed to trade with multiple countries, New France only France.

c)Climate – 13 colonies was much milder, New France had long cold winters and a shorter growing season for crops.

There are two other reasons listed in the textbook.

6)Know what Rupert’s Land is and why France and England fought over it.

Rupert’s Land is defined as all land that has a body of water that eventually drains into the Hudson Bay. Named for Prince Rupert in England. It made up territory for the Hudson Bay Company’s Fur Trade and covered most of western and northern Canada. Fighting over it because it was rich with furs.

7)What does ethnocentrism mean? Were the British ethnocentric? What are the lasting effects their worldview had around the world? Is it significant that their empire included 25% of the world’s land mass and population? Do you believe the world view has been EXPORTED? What evidence do you have?

Ethnocentrism means you believe that your race/culture/religion is superior to other races. The British were incredibly ethnocentric. They spread the beliefs that white, British culture was superior all around the world and established systems which favoured themselves not indigenous people living in the colonies.

8)How did the British colonists justify their racist attitudes toward African people – what was the basis for slavery?

They argued there was a biological difference – that they were naturally inferior and destined to be enslaved. This led to black skin being associated with slavery. Being white was seen as belonging to a more “evolved” race. Europeans believed that being civilized could actually physically lighten to the skin.

These ideas spread across Europe. For example: In 1748, the Scottish philosopher and historian David Hume wrote:

'I am apt to suspect the Negroes, and in general all other species of men, to be naturally inferior to the whites. There never was any civilized nation of any other complexion than white… No ingenious manufactures among them, no arts, no sciences... Such a uniform and constant difference could not happen, in so many countries and ages, if nature had not made an original distinction between these breeds of men'.

9)Why did it take so long to find the lost ships of the Franklin expedition? Whose voices were IGNORED and not trusted as being reliable with information on the disaster and where the remains might be?

Inuit testimonies were not believed for over a hundred years. They were considered unreliable. Despite the fact they have been proven true now with scientific evidence.

10)Part of why Franklin’s expedition was massive failure was that they made certain assumptions about what it would take to survive in Canada’s arctic. What are some of the assumptions they made? What did they think they needed? What did they not think they needed to know or be able to do?

Assumed:

Scurvy was beat --- lemon juice would solve this problem ---except lost its vitamin C content over time

No hunting necessary --- canned food would save the day! ---- except the lead poisoning…Inuit eating fresh meat packed full of nutrients especially vitamin C!

Clothing --- British style will be best, they believed the Inuit to be barbaric --- except they froze…animal skins are warm!

11)Why were other explorers like Henry Kelsey and Samuel Hearne more successful exploring? Where should the credit really go for them getting as far as they did?

Rely and partner with the First Nations, without this, wouldn’t have nearly as successful! Amundsen is another example of how explorations changed. He brought dogs and sleds and was willing to adapt to the changing environment. The Franklin expedition hauling their literal boats filled with things that had no actual purpose is an important symbol. Later explorers would hold these things more loosely and be more flexible.