BIOL242

OBJECTIVES – EXAM 3 (Ch 21, 22)

CH 21: IMMUNE SYSTEM

  1. List and be able to describe all of the “Nonspecific (Innate) Defenses” of the immune system. For each nonspecific defense, understand the cells and proteins involved, and processes they perform.
  2. Understand the general properties of specific immunity. Understand and describe the basic differences between humoral (antibody)-mediated immunity and cell-mediated immunity.
  3. Understand the different ways that we acquire humoral immunity. Differentiate between active and passive immunity and between natural and artificially acquired immunity. Give/recognize examples of each.
  4. Define the following: antigen, antigenic determinants, hapten.
  5. Know the function of MHC proteins, with regards to antigen presentation. What cells have MHC Class I, MHC Class II?
  6. Describe, in detail, the full activation of B lymphocytes (activation of humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity). Have a clear understanding of all cells involved, the membrane receptors/membrane proteins on those cells,what induces these cells to be fully activated and/or divide, what the cells produce and/or what the cells do upon activation. (In other words, be able to tell me the “B-cell story”, remember to include MHC proteins, B cell receptors and CD receptors, plasma cells!)
  7. Same as above, but for activation of cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells (activation of cell-mediated immunity). (In other words, tell me the “T-cell stories”, remembering to include MHC proteins, TCRs, and CD receptors!) Make sure you know what activated cytotoxic T cells and T helper cells DO once activated (how do they kill their prey?)
  8. Describe the basic structure of an antibody. List and discuss the different classes of immunoglobulins (antibodies) in body fluids and secretions (IgA, IgD, IgE, IgM, IgG).
  9. List and describe what can happen when an antibody binds to an antigen (see Fig 21.15). How can an antibody-antigen complex be eliminated and/or rendered ineffective at causing illness.
  10. Discuss the primary and secondary responses to antigen in antibody-mediated immunity, specifically in regards to the classes of antibodies generated, and the time required for the different responses.
  11. Describe immunological disorders, such as: immunodeficiency, Type I (immediate) and Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivities, autoimmune disease and AIDS. For HIV, understand the cell-membrane receptors involved in viral entry, the cells infected, and some of the consequences of this infection.

CH 22: THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

1.Define: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gasses, and internal respiration.

2.Describe the structure and function of each of the following respiratory structures: Nose and nasal cavity (including nasal conchae), pharynx, larynx, epiglottis, glottis, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, lungs, and visceral and parietal pleura.

3.Describe the respiratory mucosa. Note the changes in the respiratory mucosa along the respiratory tract. Be sure to include differences in both the epithelial layer, and the lamina propria.

4.Describe the components (cellular and non-cellular) of the alveolar epithelium. What are type I cells, type II cells, and surfactant.

5.Describe (and be able to sketch) the respiratory membrane, stating all components. Understand and discuss why diffusion across this membrane is so highly efficient.

6.Understand Boyle’s law and how this relates to pulmonary ventilation. State atmospheric pressure, at sea level, in mmHg. Define intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure.

7.Describe the process of inspiration and expiration during normal (quiet) and forced breathing. List the muscles involved, and state any passive processes involved. Define a respiratory cycle.

8.Understand compliance and the factors that affect compliance of the lungs. Define and explain emphysema. How does emphysema affect compliance, specifically? What other factors can  compliance?

9.Terms to understand and/or average volumes to know: respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute ventilation. Know and understand these volumes but don’t memorize typical volumes: residual volume, ERV and IRV.

10.Understand partial pressure and solubility of a gas. Understand the relative solubilities of N2, CO2 and O2, in inhaled air and exhaled air.

11.Describe the methods by which gases are actually transferred from the alveolus to the capillary including the forces and barriers involved and the forms in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are transported in the blood. (Understand the formation of carbonic acid, and how CO2 levels affect plasma pH, see Fig 22.22).

12.Follow a molecule of oxygen through external and internal respiration.

13.Be able to explain the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, and what it shows. Hemoglobin displays the property of ‘positive cooperative binding’, how does this affect the saturation curve?

14.Describe all of the factors that influence the binding of gases to hemoglobin. Understand how changes in these factors would affect the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve.

15.Understand both the pulmonary arteriole response to CO2 levels AND the bronchiole response to local CO2 levels. Are these responses similar or different to the areteriole responses at peripheral tissues (Ch 19)?

16.Understand the very basics of neural control of the resting respiration rate, focusing on the VRG. What structures does the VRG innervate? State the location and function of the central and peripheral chemoreceptors and their effects on respiratory rate. Define hypoventilation, hyperventilation, hypercapnia and hypocapnia.

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