Key word：vibrio cholerae O139

Biochemistry

  1. Adeyeye, J., H. F. Azurmendi, C. J. Stroop, S. Sozhamannan, A. L. Williams, A. M. Adetumbi, J. A. Johnson, and C. A. Bush. 2003. Conformation of the hexasaccharide repeating subunit from the Vibrio cholerae O139 capsular polysaccharide. Biochemistry 42:3979-3988.
  2. Amita, S. R., M. Thungapathra, T. Ramamurthy, G. B. Nair, and A. Ghosh. 2003. Class I integrons and SXT elements in El Tor strains isolated before and after 1992 Vibrio cholerae O139 outbreak, Calcutta, India. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9:500-502.
  3. Arya, S. C. 1997. PCR-based detection of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal with sequences encoding glycosyltransferases. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:3364.
  4. Bondre, V. P., R. Srivastava, V. B. Sinha, and B. S. Srivastava. 1997. Screening of TnphoA mutants of Vibrio cholerae O139 for identification of antigens involved in colonisation. J. Med. Microbiol. 46:1007-1011.
  5. Ehara, M., S. Shimodori, F. Kojima, Y. Ichinose, T. Hirayama, M. J. Albert, K. Supawat, Y. Honma, M. Iwanaga, and K. Amako. 1997. Characterization of filamentous phages of Vibrio cholerae O139 and O1. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 154:293-301.
  6. Falklind-Jerkerus, S., F. Felici, C. Cavalieri, P. C. Lo, G. Garufi, I. Pernice, M. M. Islam, F. Qadri, and A. Weintraub. 2005. Peptides mimicking Vibrio cholerae O139 capsular polysaccharide elicit protective antibody response. Microbes. Infect. 7 :1453-1460.
  7. Farfan, M., D. Minana-Galbis, M. C. Fuste, and J. G. Loren. 2002. Allelic diversity and population structure in Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal based on nucleotide sequence analysis. J. Bacteriol. 184:1304-1313.
  8. Guhathakurta, B., D. Sasmal, S. Pal, S. Chakraborty, G. B. Nair, and A. Datta. 1999. Comparative analysis of cytotoxin, hemolysin, hemagglutinin and exocellular enzymes among clinical and environmental isolates of vibrio cholerae O139 and non-O1, non-O139. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 179:401-407.
  9. Gunawardena, S., C. R. Fiore, J. A. Johnson, and C. A. Bush. 1999. Conformation of a rigid tetrasaccharide epitope in the capsular polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O139. Biochemistry 38:12062-12071.
  10. Gupta, N., S. Dewan, and S. Saini. 2005. Resurgence of Vibrio cholerae O139 in Rohtak. Indian J. Med. Res. 121:128-130.
  11. Honma, Y., M. Ikema, C. Toma, M. Ehara, and M. Iwanaga. 1997. Molecular analysis of a filamentous phage (fsl) of Vibrio cholerae O139. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1362:109-115.
  12. Hossain, M. S., M. A. Salam, G. H. Rabbani, I. Kabir, R. Biswas, and D. Mahalanabis. 2003. Rice-ORS versus glucose-ORS in management of severe cholera due to Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 21:325-331.
  13. Jouravleva, E. A., G. A. McDonald, C. F. Garon, M. Boesman-Finkelstein, and R. A. Finkelstein. 1998. Characterization and possible functions of a new filamentous bacteriophage from Vibrio cholerae O139. Microbiology 144 ( Pt 2):315-324.
  14. Kierek, K., and P. I. Watnick. 2003. The Vibrio cholerae O139 O-antigen polysaccharide is essential for Ca2+-dependent biofilm development in sea water. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 100:14357-14362.
  15. Knirel, Y. A., G. Widmalm, S. N. Senchenkova, P. E. Jansson, and A. Weintraub. 1997. Structural studies on the short-chain lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal. Eur. J. Biochem. 247:402-410.
  16. Linnerborg, M., A. Weintraub, M. J. Albert, and G. Widmalm. 2001. Depolymerization of the capsular polysaccharide from Vibrio cholerae O139 by a lyase associated with the bacteriophage JA1. Carbohydr. Res. 333:263-269.
  17. Meno, Y., M. K. Waldor, J. J. Mekalanos, and K. Amako. 1998. Morphological and physical characterization of the capsular layer of Vibrio cholerae O139. Arch. Microbiol. 170:339-344.
  18. Oscarson, S., U. Tedebark, and D. Turek. 1997. Synthesis of colitose-containing oligosaccharide structures found in polysaccharides from Vibrio cholerae O139 synonym Bengal using thioglycoside donors. Carbohydr. Res. 299:159-164.
  19. Pal, S., B. Guhathakurta, D. Sasmal, R. Mallick, and A. Datta. 1997. Purification and characterisation of a hemolysin with phospholipase C activity from Vibrio cholerae O139. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 147:115-120.
  20. Parveen, S., S. R. Farrah, C. Gonzalez-Bonilla, A. V. Zamudio, and M. L. Tamplin. 2003. Characterization of a clinical Vibrio cholerae O139 isolate from Mexico. Can. J. Microbiol. 49:65-70.
  21. Ruttens, B., and P. Kovac. 2006. Synthesis of spacer-equipped phosphorylated di-, tri- and tetrasaccharide fragments of the O-specific polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O139. Carbohydr. Res. 341:1077-1080.
  22. Sinha, S., R. Chakraborty, K. De, A. Khan, S. Datta, T. Ramamurthy, S. K. Bhattacharya, Y. Takeda, and G. B. Nair . 2002. Escalating association of Vibrio cholerae O139 with cholera outbreaks in India. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:2635-2637.
  23. Siddiqui, F. J., N. S. Bhutto, S. L. von, I. Khurram, S. Rasool, M. Ali, A. Zafar, J. L. Deen, J. D. Clemens, Q. Nizami, and Z. A. Bhutta. 2006. Consecutive outbreaks of Vibrio cholerae O139 and V. cholerae O1 cholera in a fishing village near Karachi, Pakistan. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 100:476-482.
  24. Stroeher, U. H., G. Parasivam, B. K. Dredge, and P. A. Manning. 1997. Novel Vibrio cholerae O139 genes involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. J. Bacteriol. 179:2740-2747.
  25. Sur, D., P. G. Sengupta, S. K. Mondal, P. Dutta, D. N. Gupta, S. Ghosh, A. Pandey, T. Ramamurthy, and S. K. Bhattacharya. 2002. A localised outbreak of Vibrio cholerae O139 in Kolkata, West Bengal. Indian J. Med. Res. 115:149-152.
  26. Turek, D., A. Sundgren, M. Lahmann, and S. Oscarson. 2006. Synthesis of oligosaccharides corresponding to Vibrio cholerae O139 polysaccharide structures containing dideoxy sugars and a cyclic phosphate. Org. Biomol. Chem. 4:1236-1241.
  27. Watnick, P. I., C. M. Lauriano, K. E. Klose, L. Croal, and R. Kolter. 2001. The absence of a flagellum leads to altered colony morphology, biofilm development and virulence in Vibrio cholerae O139. Mol. Microbiol. 39:223-235.

Immunity

  1. Alam, M., S. Miyoshi, K. Tomochika, and S. Shinoda. 1997. Hemagglutination is a novel biological function of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), as seen with the Vibrio cholerae O139 LPS. Clin. Diagn. Lab Immunol. 4:604-606.
  2. Albert, M. J., F. Qadri, N. A. Bhuiyan, S. M. Ahmad, M. Ansaruzzaman, and A. Weintraub. 1999. Phagocytosis of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Clin. Diagn. Lab Immunol. 6:276-278.
  3. Alekseeva, L. P., B. L. Mazrukho, O. S. Chemisova, O. I. Sal'nikova, O. V. Markina, and V. V. Lobanov. 2002. [Evaluation of polysaccharide antigens of Vibrio cholerae O139 of different origin by monoclonal antibodies]. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.25-29.
  4. Attridge, S. R., C. Johansson, D.D. Trach, F. Qadri, and A. M. Svennerholm. 2002. Sensitive microplate assay for detection of bactericidal antibodies to Vibrio cholerae O139. Clin. Diagn. Lab Immunol. 9:383-387.
  5. Attridge, S. R., A. Fazeli, P. A. Manning, and U. H. Stroeher. 2001. Isolation and characterization of bacteriophage-resistant mutants of Vibrio cholerae O139. Microb. Pathog. 30:237-246.
  6. Attridge, S. R., F. Qadri, M. J. Albert, and P. A. Manning. 2000. Susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae O139 to antibody-dependent, complement-mediated bacteriolysis. Clin. Diagn. Lab Immunol. 7:444-450.
  7. Basu, A., A. K. Mukhopadhyay, C. Sharma, J. Jyot, N. Gupta, A. Ghosh, S. K. Bhattacharya, Y. Takeda, A. S. Faruque, M. J. Albert, and N. G. Balakrish. 1998. Heterogeneity in the organization of the CTX genetic element in strains of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal isolated from Calcutta, India and Dhaka, Bangladesh and its possible link to the dissimilar incidence of O139 cholera in the two locales. Microb. Pathog. 24:175-183.
  8. Basu, A., P. Garg, S. Datta, S. Chakraborty, T. Bhattacharya, A. Khan, S. Ramamurthy, S. K. Bhattacharya, S. Yamasaki, Y. Takeda, and G. B. Nair. 2000. Vibrio cholerae O139 inCalcutta, 1992-1998: incidence, antibiograms, and genotypes. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 6:139-147.
  9. Bhanumathi, R., F. Sabeena, S. R. Isac, G. Radhakutty, and D. V. Singh. 2002. Characterization of a toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O139 strain belonging to a new ribotype and isolated from a diarrheal patient. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40:4779-4781.
  10. Bondre, V. P., V. B. Sinha, and B. S. Srivastava. 1997. Evaluation of different subcellular fractions of Vibrio cholerae O139 in protection to challenge in experimental cholera. FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol. 19:323-329.
  11. Boutonnier, A., B. Dassy, R. Dumenil, A. Guenole, M. Ratsitorahina, R. Migliani, and J. M. Fournier. 2003. A simple and convenient microtiter plate assay for the detection of bactericidal antibodies to Vibrio cholerae O1 and Vibrio cholerae O139. J. Microbiol. Methods 55:745-753.
  12. Boutonnier, A., S. Villeneuve, F. Nato, B. Dassy, and J. M. Fournier. 2001. Preparation, immunogenicity, and protective efficacy, in a murine model, of a conjugate vaccine composed of the polysaccharide moiety of the lipopolysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O139 bound to tetanus toxoid. Infect. Immun. 69:3488-3493.
  13. Chaicumpa, W., P. Srimanote, Y. Sakolvaree, T. Kalampaheti, M. Chongsa-Nguan, P. Tapchaisri, B. Eampokalap, P. Moolasart, G. B. Nair, and P. Echeverria. 1998. Rapid diagnosis of cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae O139. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:3595-3600.
  14. Davis, B. M., H. H. Kimsey, W. Chang, and M. K. Waldor. 1999. The Vibrio cholerae O139 Calcutta bacteriophage CTXphi is infectious and encodes a novel repressor. J. Bacteriol. 181:6779-6787.
  15. Du, Y., W. X. Jia, and L. Liu. 2004. Toxin-coregulated pilus-loaded microparticles as a vaccine against Vibrio cholerae O139. Chin Med. J. (Engl. ) 117:618-620.
  16. Ehara, M., M. Iwami, Y. Ichinose, T. Hirayama, M. J. Albert, R. B. Sack, and S. Shimodori. 1998. Induction of fimbriated Vibrio cholerae O139. Clin. Diagn. Lab Immunol. 5:65-69.
  17. Faruque, S. M., N. Chowdhury, M. Kamruzzaman, Q. S. Ahmad, A. S. Faruque, M. A. Salam, T. Ramamurthy, G. B. Nair, A. Weintraub, and D. A. Sack. 2003. Reemergence of epidemic Vibrio cholerae O139, Bangladesh. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 9:1116-1122.
  18. Feodorova, V. A., O. V. Gromova, Z. L. Devdariani, M. N. Dzhaparidze, and N. Y. Teryoshkina. 2001. Immunochemical characterisation of Vibrio cholerae O139 O antigens and production of a diagnostic antiserum without absorption. J. Med. Microbiol. 50:499-508.
  19. Hossain, M. S., M. A. Salam, G. H. Rabbani, I. Kabir, R. Biswas, and D. Mahalanabis. 2002. Tetracycline in the treatment of severe cholera due to Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 20:18-25.
  20. Hossain, M. S., M. A. Salam, G. H. Rabbani, R. Biswas, and D. Mahalanabis. 2000. Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal: a descriptive study. J. Health Popul. Nutr. 18:27-32.
  21. Kam, K. M., K. Y. Luey, T. L. Cheung, K. Y. Ho, K. H. Mak, and P. T. Saw. 1999. Ofloxacin-resistant Vibrio cholerae O139 inHong Kong. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 5:595-597.
  22. Karagozova, A. V., and O. I. Sal'nikova. 2000. [The expression of the pathogenic properties of the Vibrio cholerae O139 serogroup in vitro]. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.7-10.
  23. Khetawat, G., R. K. Bhadra, S. Nandi, and J. Das. 1999. Resurgent Vibriocholerae O139: rearrangement of cholera toxin genetic elements and amplification of rrn operon. Infect. Immun. 67:148-154.
  24. Kossaczka, Z., J. Shiloach, V. Johnson, D. N. Taylor, R. A. Finkelstein, J. B. Robbins, and S. C. Szu. 2000. Vibrio cholerae O139 conjugate vaccines: synthesis and immunogenicity of V. cholerae O139 capsular polysaccharide conjugates with recombinant diphtheria toxin mutant in mice. Infect. Immun. 68:5037-5043.
  25. Kudriakova, T. A., L. D. Makedonova, G. V. Kachkina, and S. R. Saiamov. 2000. [Vibrio cholerae O139 bacteriophages]. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.28-30.
  26. Kumar, S., P. Ray, H. Singh, and N. K. Ganguly. 2001. Immunogenicity and protective role of an IgA reactive 31-kDa antigen of Vibrio cholerae O139. J. Med. Microbiol. 50 :489-498.
  27. Lobanov, V. V., I. S. Shestialtynoba, V. V. Agafonova, V. V. Sukhar', B. L. Mazrukho, and N. A. Aronova. 2003. [Antigenic specificity of Vibrio cholerae O139 nitrosoguanidine mutants]. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobial.81-82.
  28. Losonsky, G. A., Y. Lim, P. Motamedi, L. E. Comstock, J. A. Johnson, J. G. Morris, Jr., C. O. Tacket, J. B. Kaper, and M. M. Levine. 1997. Vibriocidal antibody responses in North American volunteers exposed to wild-type or vaccine Vibrio cholerae O139: specificity and relevance to immunity. Clin. Diagn. Lab Immunol. 4:264-269.
  29. Mishan'kin, B. N., L. V. Romanova, I. Lomov, N. I. Shimaniuk, S. O. Vodop'ianov, I. I. Cherepakhina, I. I. Suchkov, and O. V. Duvanova. 2000. [Vibrio cholerae O139 isolated from humans and the water from open reservoirs: a comparative genotyping]. Zh. Mikrobiol. Epidemiol. Immunobiol.3-7.
  30. Mizunoe, Y., S. N. Wai, A. Takade, and S. I. Yoshida. 1999. Isolation and characterization of rugose form of Vibrio cholerae O139 strain MO10. Infect. Immun. 67:958-963.
  31. Nakasone, N., Y. Honma, C. Toma, T. Yamashiro, and M. Iwanaga. 1998. Filamentous phage fs1 of Vibrio cholerae O139. Microbiol. Immunol. 42:237-239.
  32. Nandy, R. K., S. Mukhopadhyay, A. N. Ghosh, and A. C. Ghose. 1999. Antibodies to the truncated (short) form of 'O' polysaccharides (TFOP) of Vibrio cholerae O139 lipopolysaccharides protect mice against experimental cholera induced by encapsulated O139 strains and such protection is mediated by inhibition of intestinal colonization of vibrios. Vaccine 17:2844-2852.
  33. Nesper, J., S. Schild, C. M. Lauriano, A. Kraiss, K. E. Klose, and J. Reidl. 2002. Role of Vibrio cholerae O139 surface polysaccharides in intestinal colonization. Infect. Immun. 70:5990-5996.
  34. Pal, S., A. Datta, G. B. Nair, and B. Guhathakurta. 1998. Use of monoclonal antibodies to identify phospholipase C as the enterotoxic factor of the bifunctional hemolysin-phospholipase C molecule of Vibrio cholerae O139. Infect. Immun. 66:3974-3977.
  35. Qadri, F., A. M. Svennerholm, S. Shamsuzzaman, T. R. Bhuiyan, J. B. Harris, A. N. Ghosh, G. B. Nair, A. Weintraub, S. M. Faruque, E. T. Ryan, D. A. Sack, and S. B. Calderwood. 2005. Reduction in capsular content and enhanced bacterial susceptibility to serum killing of Vibrio cholerae O139 associated with the 2002 cholera epidemic in Bangladesh. Infect. Immun. 73:6577-6583.
  36. Qadri, F., C. Wenneras, M. J. Albert, J. Hossain, K. Mannoor, Y. A. Begum, G. Mohi, M. A. Salam, R. B. Sack, and A. M. Svennerholm. 1997. Comparison of immune responses in patients infected with Vibrio cholerae O139 and O1. Infect. Immun. 65:3571-3576.
  37. Ramakrishna, B. S., G. Kang, D. P. Rajan, M. Mathan, and V. I. Mathan. 1996. Isolation of Vibrio cholerae O139 from the drinking water supply during an epidemic of cholera. Trop. Med. Int. Health 1:854-858.
  38. Shimodori, S., K. Iida, F. Kojima, A. Takade, M. Ehara, and K. Amako. 1997. Morphological features of a filamentous phage of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal. Microbiol. Immunol. 41:757-763.
  39. Shukla, B. N., G. Nath, A. Chaudhury, and S. C. Sanyal. 1996. Vibrio cholerae O139 in the subcontinent. J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 14:214-215.
  40. Tacket, C. O., R. K. Taylor, G. Losonsky, Y. Lim, J. P. Nataro, J. B. Kaper, and M. M. Levine. 1998. Investigation of the roles of toxin-coregulated pili and mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin pili in the pathogenesis of Vibrio cholerae O139 infection. Infect. Immun. 66:692-695.

Heredity

  1. Albert, M. J., D. Islam, S. Nahar, F. Qadri, S. Falklind, and A. Weintraub. 1997. Rapid detection of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal from stool specimens by PCR. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:1633-1635.
  2. Albert, M. J., N. A. Bhuiyan, K. A. Talukder, A. S. Faruque, S. Nahar, S. M. Faruque, M. Ansaruzzaman, and M. Rahman. 1997. Phenotypic and genotypic changes in Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:2588-2592.
  3. Dumontier, S., and P. Berche. 1998. Vibrio cholerae O22 might be a putative source of exogenous DNA resulting in the emergence of the new strain of Vibriocholerae O139. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 164:91-98.
  4. Eroshenko, G. A., A. V. Osin, E. I. Shchelkanova, and N. I. Smirnova. 2004. A comparative analysis of genomes of virulent and avirulent strains of Vibrio cholerae O139. Mol. Gen. Microbial. Virusol.11-16.
  5. Falklind, S., M. Stark, M. J. Albert, M. Uhlen, J. Lundeberg, and A. Weintraub. 1996. Cloning and sequence of a region of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal and its use in PCR-based detection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 34:2904-2908.
  6. Falklind-Jerkerus, S., M. J. Albert, and A. Weintraub. 2003. Lack of polymorphism in a Vibrio cholerae O139-specific DNA region encoding the somatic antigen in strains isolated during 1993-1998. Int. J. Med. Microbiol. 292:505-511.
  7. Faruque, S. M., M. N. Saha, Asadulghani, P. K. Bag, R. K. Bhadra, S. K. Bhattacharya, R. B. Sack, Y. Takeda, and G. B. Nair. 2000. Genomic diversity among Vibrio cholerae O139 strains isolated in Bangladesh and India between 1992 and 1998. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 184:279-284.
  8. Hochhut, B., J. Marrero, and M. K. Waldor. 2000. Mobilization of plasmids and chromosomal DNA mediated by the SXT element, a constin found in Vibrio cholerae O139. J. Bacteriol. 182:2043-2047.
  9. Hochhut, B., Y. Lotfi, D. Mazel, S. M. Faruque, R. Woodgate, and M. K. Waldor. 2001. Molecular analysis of antibiotic resistance gene clusters in vibriocholerae O139 and O1 SXT constins. Antimicrobe. Agents Chemother. 45:2991-3000.
  10. Ikema, M., and Y. Honma. 1998. A novel filamentous phage, fs-2, of Vibrio cholerae O139. Microbiology 144 ( Pt 7):1901-1906.
  11. Khetawat, G., R. K. Bhadra, S. Kar, and J. Das. 1998. Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal: combined physical and genetic map and comparative analysis with the genome of V. cholerae O1. J. Bacteriol. 180:4516-4522.
  12. Saha, D. R., H. Koley, A. N. Ghosh, and G. B. Nair. 1997. Sequential changes in gut mucosa of rabbits infected with Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal: an ultrastructural study. J. Diarrhoeal Dis. Res. 15:59-64.
  13. Sharma, C., S. Maiti, A. K. Mukhopadhyay, A. Basu, I. Basu, G. B. Nair, R. Mukhopadhyaya, B. Das, S. Kar, R. K. Ghosh, and A. Ghosh. 1997. Unique organization of the CTX genetic element in Vibrio cholerae O139 strains which reemerged in Calcutta, India, in September 1996. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:3348-3350.
  14. Singh, D. V., R. Bhanumathi, and R. R. Colwell. 2004. Characterization of a cholera toxin gene-negative clinical strain of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42:1381.
  15. Vimont, S., S. Dumontier, V. Escuyer, and P. Berche. 1997. The rfaD locus: a region of rearrangement in Vibrio cholerae O139. Gene 185:43-47.
  16. Yamasaki, S., T. Shimizu, K. Hoshino, S. T. Ho, T. Shimada, G. B. Nair, and Y. Takeda. 1999. The genes responsible for O-antigen synthesis of vibrio cholerae O139 are closely related to those of vibrio cholerae O22. Gene 237:321-332.

Environment

  1. Abd, H., A. Weintraub, and G. Sandstrom. 2005. Intracellular survival and replication of Vibrio cholerae O139 in aquatic free-living amoebae. Environ. Microbiol. 7:1003-1008.
  2. Ali, M., M. Emch, M. Yunus, and R. B. Sack. 2001. Are the environmental niches of Vibrio cholerae O139 different from those of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor? Int. J. Infect. Dis. 5:214-219.
  3. Bhanumathi, R., F. Sabeena, S. R. Isac, B. N. Shukla, and D. V. Singh. 2003. Molecular characterization of Vibrio cholerae O139 bengal isolated from water and the aquatic plant Eichhornia crassipes in the River Ganga, Varanasi, India. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69:2389-2394.
  4. Chakrabarti, A. K., A. N. Ghosh, G. B. Nair, S. K. Niyogi, S. K. Bhattacharya, and B. L. Sarkar. 2000. Development and evaluation of a phage typing scheme for Vibrio cholerae O139. J. Clin. Microbiol. 38:44-49.
  5. Faruque, S. M., A. K. Siddique, M. N. Saha, Asadulghani, M. M. Rahman, K. Zaman, M. J. Albert, D. A. Sack, and R. B. Sack. 1999. Molecular characterization of a new ribotype of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal associated with an outbreak of cholera in Bangladesh. J. Clin. Microbiol. 37:1313-1318.
  6. Faruque, S. M., D. A. Sack, R. B. Sack, R. R. Colwell, Y. Takeda, and G. B. Nair. 2003. Emergence and evolution of Vibrio cholerae O139. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A 100:1304-1309.
  7. Faruque, S. M., K. M. Ahmed, A. K. Siddique, K. Zaman, A. R. Alim, and M. J. Albert. 1997. Molecular analysis of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal strains isolated in Bangladesh between 1993 and 1996: evidence for emergence of a new clone of theBengal vibrios. J. Clin. Microbiol. 35:2299-2306.
  8. Islam, M. S., S. Mahmuda, M. G. Morshed, H. B. Bakht, M. N. Khan, R. B. Sack, and D. A. Sack. 2004. Role of cyanobacteria in the persistence of Vibrio cholerae O139 in saline microcosms. Can. J. Microbiol. 50:127-131.
  9. Kaur, H., and M. Lal. 1999. Reappearance of Vibrio cholerae O139 during March-August, 1998 inLudhiana (Punjab), India. Indian J. Med. Res. 109:3-4.
  10. Kossaczka, Z. and., and S. C. Szu. 2000. Evaluation of synthetic schemes to prepare immunogenic conjugates of Vibrio cholerae O139 capsular polysaccharide with chicken serum albumin. Glycoconj. J. 17:425-433.
  11. Mitra, R., A. Basu, D. Dutta, G. B. Nair, and Y. Takeda. 1996. Resurgence of Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal with altered antibiogram in Calcutta, India. Lancet 348:1181.
  12. Mukhopadhyay, A. K., A. Basu, P. Garg, P. K. Bag, A. Ghosh, S. K. Bhattacharya, Y. Takeda, and G. B. Nair. 1998. Molecular epidemiology of reemergent Vibrio cholerae O139 Bengal in India. J. Clin. Microbiol. 36:2149-2152.
  13. Qu, M., J. Xu, Y. Ding, R. Wang, P. Liu, B. Kan, G. Qi, Y. Liu, and S. Gao. 2003. Molecular epidemiology of Vibrio cholerae O139 inChina: polymorphism of ribotypes and CTX elements. J. Clin. Microbiol. 41:2306-2310.
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心得：

在這次作業中學會使用reference軟體，這樣將來如果要做大量的參考資料蒐集，就可以很快的以淺顯易懂及統一的格式做呈現，也方便其他有需要的人尋找參考資料。但美中不足的是，軟體還是會有出錯的時候，所以必須用人工校對，如果程式可以稍作修改一下就更好了。我們還學習將資料做分組，這樣可以使他人更容易找到所需的部分資料，也更清晰有調理。同時，也讓我了解原來一株菌可以應用在這麼多不同的範圍。這次作業緊接著在第三次作業之後，時間有些趕，尤其是我原本的關鍵字無法用reference軟體查到，害我很緊張，今天下午得知了經過修改的關鍵字後，馬上用軟體尋找，雖然是順利的找到了兩百多篇，但是之後的歸類和校正工作卻花費了頗大心力，希望以後作業的截止日可以不要離的這麼近，我相信錯開一些，作業的品質也會變的更好的！

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