Outlines for “A History of the Modern World” 9th Edition

Palmer, Colton, and Kramer

Chapter 10: Napoleonic Europe

10.47: The Formation of the French Imperial System

  1. Introduction
  2. Echoes of the Revolution
  3. Napoleon came nearer than anyone has ever come to imposing a political unity on Europe
  4. Rise of Napoleon prompted dynamic international relations
  5. Rise of Napoleon prompted internal development
  6. Collaboration prompted reform
  7. Resistance prompted reorganization and change
  8. History of the Napoleonic period is a history of multiple expansionist interests
  9. Britain is building a commercial empire
  10. Russia is moving west and south
  11. Prussia is consolidating and restructuring
  12. Austria is moving in two directions: Germanic and Slavic
  13. Expansionist interests prompted governments to ally and resist Napoleon as it suited their interests (GB building commercial interests, Russia wants Poland and Turkey, Prussia wants leadership in central Europe, Austria wants Germany, Balkans…)
  14. Some think of the period as one of world war
  15. but actually a series of short, sharp wars with the four great power never in field together until 1813
  16. The Dissolution of the First and Second Coalitions, 1792-1802
  17. 1795 First Coalition disintegrates
  18. British withdrew: maintain naval engagement
  19. Prussians made a separate peace: recognized as Protectors of Germany(ego)
  20. Spain (Bourbon) at peace with France (Bourbon Killers)
  21. Against English control of Gibraltar
  22. Austria signs Treaty of Campo Formio
  23. 1799 Second Coalition disintegrates
  24. Britain shifts focus to Mediterranean and defeated French in Egypt
  25. Russia shifts focus to the Mediterranean and withdraws from western Europe
  26. Austria signs the Treaty of Luneville 1801
  27. 1802 Britain signs peace of Amiens
  28. Peace Interim, 1802 – 1803 (only year of peace b/t 1792-1814)
  29. Napoleon shifts focus to West Indies
  30. Sends army to make war to reclaim Haiti is a failure
  31. Louisiana Purchase and America
  32. Organizes (CisalpineRepublic) northern Italy under his direct control (himself as president)
  33. Oversaw the “shame of the princes in Germany”
  34. after German princes were forced out of Left Bank of Rhine they were given new territories on Right Back
  35. rather than oppose Bonaparte they scramble for land east of the Rhine (Church land) led to consolidation of German states and end of the HRE
  36. Formation of the Third Coalition in 1805
  37. 1803 GB goes back to war with France
  38. communication problems and disease decimate French in Haiti
  39. Napoleon cuts losses and sells Louisiana to US
  40. 1804 Napoleon pronounced himself “Emperor”
  41. Napoleon seizes the Duke of Enghien and has him executed violating the sovereignty of Baden
  42. Alexander I joins in league against Napoleon to address the issue of “law and force”
  43. Grandson of Catherine, educated as enlightened despot
  44. Became Tsar in 1801 at 24 and had liberal men of carious nationalities as advisers
  45. Regarded recent partitions of Poland as a crime and wished to restore it with himself as king
  46. Moralistic, self-righteous, puzzled and disturbed statesmen of Europe who saw him as enthroned Jacobin or typical Russia aggrandizer
  47. Was greatly offended by Duke of Enghien’s execution
  48. Had a concept of international collective security and indivisibility of peace
  49. British send him 1,250,000 pounds for each 100 thousand soldiers
  50. 1805 Austria signed an alliance with Britain
  51. The Third Coalition 1805-1807: The Peace of Tilsit
  52. Napoleon is ready to invade England
  53. Gathering forces on Channel coast
  54. England Responds
  55. Set up lookouts and signal beacons, drill at home
  56. Austro-Russian Armies advance to the west in summer of 1805
  57. British navy under Nelson (October 21, 1805)
  58. destroyed French and Spanish fleet off the coast of Spain (Trafalgar)
  59. Napoleon moves divisions from coast to respond to Austro-Russian advances
  60. Napoleon wins the ground war
  61. England wins the naval war
  62. Trafalgar establishes the supremacy of England’s Navy
  63. Only if Napoleon is held in check on the continent
  64. he could rebuild his navy with all the resources of the continent at his disposal
  65. Napoleon moves against the continent
  66. Defeats the Austro-Russian army
  67. Battle of Austerlitz
  68. Takes Venetia from Austria
  69. Begins rebuilding his navy
  70. Defeats Prussia at battle of Jena and Auerstadt in Oct 1806
  71. Prussian king took refuge at Konigsberg
  72. Defeats Russian army at battle of Friedland (June 1807)
  73. Alexander makes Peace at Tilsit (July 1807)
  74. On the bank of the NiemenRiver while Frederick William III paced nervously on the bank
  75. Napoleon put his charm on Alex, denounces England as real enemy
  76. Alexander is Eastern Emperor
  77. Napoleon is Western Emperor
  78. Napoleon turns the continent against England
  79. The Continental System and the War in Spain
  80. No possibility of invading England after Trafalgar in foreseeable future
  81. Turns to Economic warfare
  82. Napoleon forces Europe to trade only with the Continent and not with England
  83. hoped it would ruin British commercial firms and cause business depression
  84. British govt. would thus be unable to carry national debt or borrow fro subjects
  85. Berlin Decree 1806 forbids the importation of British goods into Europe
  86. Invasion of Portugal
  87. Abdication of Bourbons in Spain
  88. Joseph Bonaparte is installed as king
  89. Peninsular War in Spain
  90. Spain proves to be the beginning of the end for Napoleon
  91. July of 1808 French general surrendered an army corps without fighting at Baylen (1st time since Revolution)
  92. Struggle with Spanish resistance leaves gleam of hope for the rest of Europe and a rally mounts
  93. Goya’sThe Third of May, 1808
  94. The Austrian War of Liberation 1809
  95. Napoleon gathered a congress together at Erfurt in Saxony in 9/1808 to keep Alexander on his side
  96. Alex was concerned that Napoleon was going to create a Polish state and not helping him with expansion in the Balkans
  97. Talleyrand told Tsar that Napoleon was overreaching himself (traitor)
  98. May have been concerned with restoring a balance of power
  99. Austria declares war in 1809
  100. Europe sits on the sidelines
  101. Napoleon wins at battle of Wagram in July and takes Austrian territory
  102. Duchy of Warsaw gains territory
  103. Illyrian Provinces
  104. Napoleon at His Peak 1809-1811
  105. Austria shifts its foreign policy under Clemens von Metternich
  106. Believed that Russia was the permanent problem and began to renew good relations with France
  107. Toward France and away from Russia
  108. Napoleon divorces Josephine
  109. At 40 he is still childless and begins searches the aristocracy for a bride
  110. Legitimizes his rule if he marries into a royal family
  111. Russia turns Napoleon down
  112. Poland
  113. Austria
  114. Duke of Enghien
  115. Marries into Austrian royal family
  116. Marie Louise
  117. Daughter of Austrian emperor and niece of Marie Antoinette
  118. Son is born and named King of Rome
  119. He is now by marriage the nephew of Louis XVI
  120. Napoleon is taking on trappings of majesty
  121. Cozy with French Aristocracy
  122. Propped up newly made nobility around himself
  123. The “son of the revolution” calls the emperor of Austria “my father”

10.48: The Grand Empire: Spread of the Revolution

  1. Organization of the Napoleonic Empire
  2. Included entire European mainland except Balkan
  3. Core is France
  4. Layer one is dependent states (The Grand Empire)
  5. Layer two is allied states (Prussia, Austria, Russia and Denmark , Sweden)
  6. all are at war with England
  7. all are not to conduct trade with England
  1. Reach of the Empire
  2. North branch into Germany
  3. South branch into Italy
  4. imprisoned Pope Pius VII for protesting his son’s title King of Rome
  5. Administrated by prefects
  6. reported to Napoleon
  7. Dependent states
  8. Warsaw
  9. Confederation of the Rhine
  10. Made his family kings over various territories to keep them in control and establish a Bonaparte dynasty
  11. Jerome king of Westphalia
  12. Joseph =Spain, Naples
  13. Louis=Holland (allowed trade to continue with GB)
  14. Lucien (they didn’t get along)
  15. Joachim Murat, cavalry officer and husband of his sister=Naples
  1. Napoleon and the spread of the revolution
  2. Stages of French occupation
  3. All states followed same course of events
  4. 1st military conquest and occupation
  5. set up the government
  6. draft a constitution defining the relationship to France
  7. Reform modeled after France
  8. Confederation of the Rhine
  9. Duchy of Warsaw
  10. Territory annexed by France
  11. Reforms
  12. he considered himself a man of the enlightenment
  13. believed in constitutions and believed gov should be deliberately mapped out and planned
  14. rule of law
  15. law is universal and rational
  16. Reforms directed toward everything feudal
  17. established legal equality
  18. government in authority over people not local lords
  19. equality in taxes, offices, military positions
  20. careers open to talent
  21. manorial system is undone
  22. serfs are subjects of the states not the lords
  23. Reforms are not as extensive outside of France
  24. In Poland he needed the landlords support to rule
  25. Religions reforms
  26. toleration become the law
  27. abolishes church courts
  28. tithes done away
  29. secular state was the rule
  30. all religious have same civil rights (even Jews)
  31. Spain resisted
  32. guilds are abolished
  33. internal tariffs removed
  34. metric system
  35. decimal system for coinage
  36. direct tax collecting
  1. Support come form commercial and professional classes
  2. they were against old regime
  3. Napoleon was equated with reasoned government
  4. Goethe- Napoleon “was the expression of all that was reasonable, legitimate and European in the revolutionary movement.”
  5. points of conflict
  6. taxes in dependent states were higher than in France
  7. Soldiers fought in Napoleon’s army came form dependant states yet died for France
  8. Strain of the continental system
  9. lack of application of West European ideas in the east

10.49: The Continental System

1.Introduction

  1. Objective is to crush Great Britain to unify and master all of Europe
  2. Common themes evoked by Napoleon
  3. Rationalism
  4. the end of feudalism !!!
  5. Romanism and the glory of the past
  6. Architecture
  7. He built the Arch of Triumph (1806-36)
  8. madeleine=temple to glory
  9. Hostility toward Britain
  10. jealousy toward their success and methods of keeping it
  11. danger of their sea power for commerce of others
  1. British Blockade and Napoleon’s Continental System
  2. Chief aim of British blockade was to undermine enemy commerce
  3. British did not expect to starve them out or deprive them of necessary war materials
  4. Western Europe was self-sufficient in food, armaments
  5. accepted trade with British goods on the Continent
  6. but by depriving enemy commerce, it would diminish revenues of govt.
  7. Continental interests are calling Britain a modern Carthage
  8. French anti English sentiments
  9. Commercial competition
  10. “a nation of shopkeepers” according to Nap
  11. Fighting with bank accounts not blood
  12. Napoleon beat the anti English drum to unify Europe (Incubus)
  13. Trade warfare
  14. Berlin Decree France
  15. prohibits importation of British goods
  16. Orders in Council Britain
  17. neutrals must stop in British ports before entering continent (where they could load up some of their own goods)
  18. Milan Decree 12/1807
  19. Neutral ships that traded with Britain would be confiscated
  20. U.S. is only neutral
  21. Embargo against European goods fails
  22. U.S. aggress to trade only with the first to lift the restrictions
  23. Napoleon is first to respond (no Parliament to consult)
  24. U.S. declares war on Britain
  25. Anglo-American War 1812
  26. Dismal outcome for U.S (Canada)
  1. The Failure of the Continental System
  2. Sugar and Tobacco demands caused the Continental system to fail
  3. ‘the destinies of Europe turned upon a barrel of sugar!’ -Napoleon
  4. Demand for goods from remote locations of the empire
  5. biggest problem was transportation
  6. goods had to be moved over land
  7. slow and expensive compared to water transport
  8. System favored France and failed to stop trade to new markets for Britain
  9. Satellites forbidden to have tariff against France but France had one against them
  10. Continental system hurt GB but not too bad
  11. Made up for lost trade with expanded trade in Latin American

10. 50: the National Movements: Germany

1. The Resistance to Napoleon: Nationalism

  1. Reasons for resentment
  2. Army plundering, requisitions
  3. New states required to pay tribute of men and money
  4. policies dictated by French representatives
  5. Continental System benefits French manufacturers
  6. Feel they are being used by France as tools against England
  7. People tired of war, rumors of war, conscription, taxes, loss of lives and local liberties
  8. Began to see Napoleon as megalomaniac
  9. Result was a rise in nationalistic feeling
  10. Reaction against internationalism and empire
  11. anti-French
  12. anti-autocratic
  13. conservative and liberal interests began to agitate
  14. insisted on value of their own customs, folkways: conservative
  15. self-determination, participation in government: liberal
  16. Nationalistic movements took various shapes
  17. England: powerful unifying force for all classes against ‘Boney’
  18. Even thou England is experiencing dislocation, misery or Industrial Revolution
  19. Spain: divisive force
  20. Took form of absolute resistance to French
  21. Liberal bourgeois
  22. Conservative: clergy and Bourbons
  23. Drew greatest strength from counterrevolutionary, restoration of clergy, Bourbons
  24. Italy begins a conception of unity under Napoleon
  25. Liked Napoleon and had less nationalism
  26. Liked efficiency of Enlightenment
  27. Nap consolidated peninsula into 3 parts
  28. Germany takes steps toward unification in response to Napoleon
  1. The Movement of Thought in Napoleonic Germany
  2. Germany rebelled against Napoleon and French civilization
  3. against armies , against the French flavor of the Enlightenment
  4. German ideas fell in with the romantic movement that was a growing reaction to the dry abstraction of the Enlightenment (classical)
  5. Germany did not exist as a place
  6. Germany only existed as a culture
  7. After Westphalia, German were least nationally minded of all, had cosmopolitan outlook
  8. Not conscious of Germany
  9. Borders, areas of language seemed indefinable (faded into Poland or Alsace)
  10. During the Enlightenment the culture of Germany was muted as Europe identified with French culture
  11. Upper classes embaced French culture (language, dress, …)
  12. J. G. HerderModern History Sourcebook: Johann Gottfried von Herder: Materials for the Philosophy of the History of Mankind, 1784 (Ideas on the Philosophy of the History of Mankind, 1784)
  13. A protestant pastor, theologian
  14. true culture rises from native and common roots (Volk)
  15. rejected the superficiality of cosmopolitan upper classes (French)
  16. said it made people superficial, shallow
  17. a culture needs to express its Volksgeist (spirit of the people)
  18. common people is where national character existed
  19. opposite of Voltaire and the Philosophes
  20. Volt said all people to progress toward same civilization
  21. Herder said each person should develop their own way and avoid distortion s by outside influence
  22. didn’t think that German culture was better but different
  23. Romanticism emphasized
  24. genius or intuition over reason
  25. feeling over thinking
  26. stressed differences of mankind over similarities
  27. rejected the rigid rules of classical literature
  28. regionalism over universalism
  29. local law over natural law
  30. good laws reflected local conditions
  31. German nationalism ferments (1800)
  32. Germans began to fell humiliation at paternalism of govt.
  33. rejection of squabbling princes
  34. disgraced themselves for land
  35. rejection of ‘Frenchified’ upper classes
  36. embraced the prospect of nationhood
  37. The task of defining what German meant was difficult
  38. Father Jahn:
  39. organized a youth movement
  40. political gymnastics
  41. did calisthenics for the Fatherland, made fun of aristocrats in French costumes, suspicion of foreigners (Jews, internationalists)
  42. J. G. Fichte: a moral, and metaphysical philosopher, professor at U of Jena
  43. had supported the Rev. at first (until French armies came)
  44. wrote Johann Gottlieb Fichte: Address To The German Nation, 1807
  45. there was an ineradicable German spirit, primordial, to be kept pure at all costs, inner moral universe
  46. German spirit is better than others
  47. Reforms in Prussia
  48. Had been humiliated by Nap in 1806 at Jena-Auerstadt
  49. Lost territory, French occupation
  50. But to German nationalist, Prussia was least compromised by collaboration with French
  51. Remains of Prussia serve as a beacon for German patriots who streamed there
  52. East Elbian Prussia had been least German land became center for movement
  53. Leaders of the rebuilding of Prussia tended to come from outside and were not Prussian
  1. Military reform
  2. Prussian state’s character is shaped by the army
  3. But army soldiers had no hope of promotion, felt no patriotism
  4. need to inspire nationalistic pride
  5. Baron Stein
  6. was imperial knights in HRE and could see 8 different domain from his bridge near castle (Germany was stateless)loved Fichte, Kant
  7. fostered the concepts of duty, service, character, and responsibility
  8. believed in equality of duty than of rights
  9. outcome would lead to self-determination and sense of community membership that was lacking under Frederick the Great
  10. gave burghers extensive freedom in cities to govern
  11. Interchangeable property, self government in the cities
  12. abolition of serfdom
  13. gave peasants right to move, migrate, marry, learn trade without Junker permission
  14. freedom of movement
  15. still bound to the lord if they stayed on the manor
  16. Strength of the Junkers increases, but condition of the serfs is eased

10. 51: The Overthrow of Napoleon: The Congress of Vienna

1.Europe in 1811

  1. Napoleon controlled the mainland
  2. Russia was at war with Turkey
  3. Spain was resisting Napoleons presence
  4. GB was amassing national wealth via Industrial Rev
  5. The Continental System was working badly
  6. Many in Europe were waiting for the opportunity to move against Napoleon
  7. All eyes are on Russia
  1. The Russian Campaign and the War of Liberation
  2. Russia leaves the Continental System 12/1810
  3. Napoleon declares war
  4. June 1812 Napoleon invades Russia with Grand Army of 700 thousand (largest ever at that time)
  5. 1/3 French, 1/3 German, 90 thou Poles)
  6. Everything went wrong from the beginning
  7. The Russians made a continuous retreat
  8. scorched earth
  9. Numbers in the Russian army remained high
  10. Napoleon’s army continued to diminish in size
  11. Borodino was a win for Napoleon
  12. 30,000 men lost
  13. Nap entered Moscow 9/14/1812
  14. was found in flames
  15. Winter was coming
  16. The Russian army was nipping at Napoleon’s flanks
  17. Napoleon orders retreat in the face of the oncoming Russian winter
  18. The Russian army forces Napoleon to take a northern route
  19. The winter caused great suffering
  20. 600,000+ left for Moscow, 400,000 died, 100,000 were taken prisoner
  21. The Grand Army was lost
  22. Read account of soldier’s devotion to Nap. (Palmer 12.58)
  23. Anti-Napoleon forces make their move on all fronts
  24. Britain, Spain, Austria, Russia, Germany
  25. Napoleon raises another army but succumbs in the face of massive opposition
  26. Battle of the Nations
  27. Allies against Napoleon are distrustful of each other and the pressure eases once Napoleon is pushed back into France
  28. The Restoration of the Bourbons
  29. Napoleon is offered a chance to remain as Emperor in the Frankfort proposals 1813 (by Metternich)
  30. A strong France would be an important balancing force against England and Russia
  31. Viscount Castlereagh arrived from England and played on Austrian fears of Russia
  32. Nap rejected Frankfurt proposals
  33. Quadruple Alliance (March 1814) pits the allies against France
  34. Napoleon abdicates at Fontainbleau (April 1814)
  35. His support in France is gone as the demands for peace are high
  36. Talleyrand
  37. Moves to reinstate Louis XVIII
  38. Monarchy is restored with a constitution
  39. France is willing to make some sacrifices for peace
  40. The Settlement before the Vienna Congress
  41. “First” Treaty of Paris (May 1814)
  42. France goes back to pre-Napoleonic borders
  43. No reparations, can even keep stolen artwork
  44. Napoleon is exiled to Elba
  45. Before consenting to the Congress of ViennaRussia and England establish claims
  46. Russia retained Bessarabia, Georgia, Azerbaijan, and Finland
  47. British retained Malta, the Ionian Islands, Trinidad, Tobago, Mauritius, the Cape of GoodHope, Ceylon, and much of India
  48. England is poised for its role as the leading western power
  49. Navy, Colonies, Markets, Lack of competition, Advanced industrialization, Advanced financial institutions, Advanced constitutionalism, Advanced movement of population toward working class labor force
  50. The Congress of Vienna, 1814-1815
  51. Talleyrand, Castlereagh, Metternich, and Alexander
  52. Important matters would be decided by 4 great powers
  53. Hardenberg represented Prussia
  54. “Balance of Power” is key to the diplomatic outcomes
  55. Barrier of strong states is erected around France
  56. Netherlands is expanded with Austrian Netherlands and Belgium and Hanover family is restored
  57. Sardinia is expanded with Genoa
  58. Germany receives the left bank of the Rhine
  59. Consolidation under Napoleon is left in place
  60. Fragmentation and autonomy remains
  61. A unified Germany and nationalism is yet to come
  62. Austria receives northern Italy
  63. Pope receives the rest of Italy (Papal States)
  64. In Spain the Bourbons are restored
  65. Braganzas are restored in Portugal
  66. map1815
  67. The Polish-Saxon Question
  68. Russia wanted Poland reconstituted and under Russia protection with Alex as King
  69. Prussia agreed only if Saxony became Prussian
  70. This horrified Metternich (both would get too powerful)
  71. Austria and England cannot agree to the terms
  72. 1/3/1815 Talleyrand shrewdly used the rift to make secret alliance with France to go to war against Russia and Prussia if necessary
  73. Russia agrees to compromise
  74. Grand Duchy of Warsaw is transferred to Russia (smaller than all of Poland)
  75. Reduced Saxony is transferred to Prussia
  76. Result of the wars and peace process was the shift Russia and Prussia toward the west
  77. The Hundred days and Their Aftermath
  78. Napoleon escaped from Elba
  79. Louis XVIII is associated with vengeful behavior of the returning émigrés
  80. Return of the “emperor” causes a rally of support
  81. Wellington meets Napoleon at Waterloo and Napoleon is defeated
  82. Napoleon abdicates and is exiled to St. Helena
  83. Second Treaty of Paris is made
  84. France is forced to pay and indemnity 700,000,000 francs
  85. Army of occupation is placed in France to keep France in line
  86. Quadruple Alliance of Chaumont
  87. No Bonaparte should ever govern France
  88. Future congresses would be called to review the political situation of Europe
  89. The Holy Alliance
  90. Alexander proposes an alliance to uphold “Christian principles of charity and peace.
  91. he meant it as a condemnation of violence
  92. All sign except the Pope, the Ottoman sultan, and the regent of Great Britain
  93. Later becomes a symbol of unholy monarchies against liberty and progress
  94. The Peace of Vienna
  95. Maintains the peace for over 50 years
  96. Produces a minimum resentment in France
  97. Was in no way reactionary (not a complete restoration of the Old Regime)
  98. Little satisfaction is felt by nationalists and democrats
  99. transfer of control of people from one government to another without consultation
  100. Resentments will continue to motivate liberal movements
  101. Brought an end to the waves of upheaval caused by the French Revolution
  102. Legacy of the Revolution
  103. Seeds of liberalism are planted throughout Europe
  104. Latin American revolutions are about to break out
  105. Demonstrated that and open system (of professional and social advancement) could mobilize national resources more effectively than monarchical systems
  106. Opened the door for conversations on human rights, political participation, and nationalism that continue to the present

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