CANNABIS<9>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007246752
Authors Brodbeck J. Matter M. Page J. Moggi F.
Institution
(Brodbeck, Matter, Moggi) University of Berne, UniversityHospital of Clinical Psychiatry Berne, Bolligenstrasse 111, CH-3000 Berne 60, Switzerland.
(Page) ZurichUniversity of Applied Sciences, School of Health Professions, Bankstrasse 4, CH-8400 Winterthur, Switzerland.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Motives for cannabis use as a moderator variable of distress among young adults.
Source
Addictive Behaviors. 32(8)(pp 1537-1545), 2007. Date of Publication: Aug 2007.
Abstract
This study examined the moderating effect of social and coping motives on distress among young cannabis-using adults. A random sample of 2031 young Swiss adults was interviewed by means of a computer-assisted telephone interview. Cannabis users showed more distress, less positive health behaviour and higher hedonism compared to non-users. Taking motive for use as a moderator variable into consideration, it became evident that only cannabis users with coping motives showed lower mental health, more symptoms of psychopathology, more psychosocial distress and more life events than non-users. Young adults with social motives for use on the other hand did not differ from non-users in terms of distress. These differences between cannabis users with social and those with coping motives remained stable over two years. In both subgroups, participants with regular cannabis use at baseline did not increase distress nor did participants with higher distress at baseline increase the frequency of their cannabis use. Our results suggest that secondary prevention for cannabis users should target especially young adults with coping motives for use. copyright 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0306-4603
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addictive Behaviors
Volume 32
Issue Part 8
Page 1537-1545
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Aug 2007
CANNABIS<10>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007280332
Authors Hall W. Degenhardt L.
Institution
(Hall) School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD, Australia.
(Degenhardt) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
(Hall) School of Population Health, University of Queensland, Herston Road, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Prevalence and correlates of cannabis use in developed and developing countries.
Source
Current Opinion in Psychiatry. 20(4)(pp 393-397), 2007. Date of Publication: Jul 2007.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: The aim of this article is to review recent research on the prevalence, antecedents and correlates of cannabis use in young adults in developed and developing countries. RECENT FINDINGS: Cannabis is the most widely used illicit drug globally and its use appears to be increasing in developed and developing countries. In developed countries rebelliousness, antisocial behaviour, poor school performance, and affiliation with drug-using peers are risk factors for early and regular cannabis use. Similar antecedents are now being reported in developing countries. Dependence is an underappreciated risk of cannabis that affects one in six to seven adolescents who use cannabis in developed countries. Adolescent cannabis dependence is correlated with an increased risk of using other illicit drugs, symptoms of depression, and symptoms of psychosis. The plausibility of cannabis playing a contributory causal role has increased for symptoms of psychosis in longitudinal studies but remains contentious. In the case of other illicit drug use and mood disorders common causal explanations remain difficult to exclude. SUMMARY: Early and regular cannabis use in adolescence predicts an increased risk of cannabis dependence which in turn predicts an increased risk of using other illicit drugs, and reporting symptoms of mood and psychotic disorders. copyright 2007 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Inc.
ISSN 0951-7367
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name Current Opinion in Psychiatry
Volume 20
Issue Part 4
Page 393-397
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Jul 2007
CANNABIS<14>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007384951
Authors Castaldo P. Magi S. Gaetani S. Cassano T. Ferraro L. Antonelli T. Amoroso S. Cuomo V.
Institution
(Castaldo, Magi, Amoroso) Section of Pharmacology, Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Via Tronto 10 /A, 60020 Ancona, Italy.
(Gaetani, Cuomo) Department of Human Physiology, Pharmacology University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy.
(Cassano) Department of Biomedical Science, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
(Ferraro, Antonelli) Section of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 increases glutamate uptake through overexpression of GLT1 and EAAC1 glutamate transporter subtypes in rat frontal cerebral cortex.
Source
Neuropharmacology. 53(3)(pp 369-378), 2007. Date of Publication: Sep 2007.
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to the CB1 receptor agonist (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)-pyrrolo[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazinyl]-(1-naphthalenyl)methanone) mesylate (WIN) at a daily dose of 0.5 mg/kg, and Delta<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta<sup>9</sup>-THC) at a daily dose of 5 mg/kg, reduced dialysate glutamate levels in frontal cerebral cortex of adolescent offspring (40-day-old) with respect to those born from vehicle-treated mothers. WIN treatment induced a statistically significant enhancement of V<sub>max</sub> l-[<sup>3</sup>H]glutamate uptake, whereas it did not modify glutamate K<sub>m</sub>, in frontal cerebral cortex synaptosomes of adolescent rats. Western blotting analysis, performed either in membrane proteins derived from homogenates and in proteins extracted from synaptosomes of frontal cerebral cortex, revealed that prenatal WIN exposure enhanced the expression of glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) and excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1). Moreover, immunocytochemical analyses of frontal cortex area revealed a more intense GLT1 and EAAC1 immunoreactivity (ir) distribution in the WIN-treated group. Collectively these results show that prenatal exposure to the cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist WIN increases expression and functional activity of GLT1 and EAAC1 glutamate transporters (GluTs) associated to a decrease of cortical glutamate outflow, in adolescent rats. These findings may contribute to explain the mechanism underlying the cognitive impairment observed in the offspring of mothers who used marijuana during pregnancy. copyright 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0028-3908
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Neuropharmacology
Volume 53
Issue Part 3
Page 369-378
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Sep 2007
CANNABIS<25>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007397717
Authors Olmstead T.A. Sindelar J.L. Easton C.J. Carroll K.M.
Institution
(Olmstead) University of ConnecticutHealthCenter, Department of Psychiatry, Farmington, CT, United States.
(Sindelar) Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States.
(Sindelar) National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA, United States.
(Easton, Carroll) Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, United States.
(Olmstead) Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030-1410, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
The cost-effectiveness of four treatments for marijuana dependence.
Source
Addiction. 102(9)(pp 1443-1453), 2007. Date of Publication: Sep 2007.
Abstract
Aim: To analyze data from a randomized clinical trial to determine the cost-effectiveness of using contingency management (CM) and motivational/skills building therapy (motivational enhancement therapy/cognitive-behavioral therapy: MET/CBT) to treat young adults with marijuana dependence. Participants, design and measurements: A total of 136 marijuana-dependent young adults, all referred by the criminal justice system, were randomized to one of four treatment conditions: MET/CBT with CM, MET/CBT without CM, drug counseling (DC) with CM and DC without CM. Patient outcome measures include the longest duration of confirmed marijuana abstinence (LDA) during treatment and the total number of marijuana-free urine specimens provided during treatment. Costs were collected retrospectively from the provider and include the costs of therapy, patient drug testing, and those associated with the incentives component (value of vouchers, time to administer the voucher system). Setting: Out-patient substance abuse clinic in New Haven, Connecticut, USA. Findings: Which treatment is the most cost-effective depends on the threshold values of an additional week of LDA or an additional marijuana-free urine specimen. For example, the most effective treatment, MET/CBT with CM, was also the most cost-effective treatment at the highest threshold values, while the least effective treatment, DC, was the most cost-effective at the lowest values. Because consensus threshold values for these patient outcomes do not exist, results are presented showing the ranges of values over which each treatment would be considered cost-effective compared to the others. Acceptability curves are presented to show the decision uncertainty associated with these ranges. The results are shown to be robust to (i) sensitivity analyses on several key cost parameters and (ii) patient outcomes measured during the 6-month follow-up period. Conclusions: This study uses incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and acceptability curves to shed light on the relative cost-effectiveness of four interventions for treating young adults with marijuana dependence. Given the relatively small and specialized nature of our study sample, and the fact that we examined a CM procedure with a single reinforcement schedule, additional studies are warranted to determine the reliability and generalizability of our results both to alternative marijuana-using populations and to CM procedures with alternative incentive parameters. Nevertheless, the relative durability of effects of MET/CBT compared to DC through the 6-month follow-up, and its cost-effectiveness over a comparatively wide range of threshold values, underscores the promise of this approach. copyright 2007 The Authors.
ISSN 0965-2140
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addiction
Volume 102
Issue Part 9
Page 1443-1453
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Sep 2007
CANNABIS<30>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007383986
Authors Legleye S. Karila L. Beck F. Reynaud M.
Institution
(Legleye) French Monitoring Center for Drug and Drug Addiction, National Institute for Medical Research, University Paris XI, Paris, France.
(Karila, Reynaud) Paul-BrousseHospital, 94804 Villejuif, France.
(Beck) National Institute for Health Prevention and Education, Research Center on Drugs, Mental Health and Society, University Paris V Descartes, Paris F-75006, France.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Validation of the CAST, a general population Cannabis Abuse Screening Test.
Source
Journal of Substance Use. 12(4)(pp 233-242), 2007. Date of Publication: Aug 2007.
Abstract
Background: Although the use of cannabis among young people has become a major public health concern, there is no such test in France for general population surveys. Objective: This article aims to present a short screening test for cannabis abuse among adolescents and young adults in general population surveys, the CAST (Cannabis Abuse Screening Test) designed at the FrenchMonitoringCenter for Drug and Drug addictions (OFDT). Methods: The survey was conducted in France among 1728 scholars aged 14-22, in secondary schools, high schools, and university. After presenting internal consistency and factorial structure, the authors compared the CAST with the part of the POSIT (Problem-Oriented Screening Instrument for Teenagers) dealing with alcohol and drug abuse among cannabis users in order to validate the optimal thresholds of the CAST for the high risk of abuse defined for the POSIT. Results: The CAST appears to be unidimensional and have high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha equals 0.81). Among cannabis users whoa are low alcohol consumers, CAST presents very high sensitivity and specificity compared with the POSIT (respectively, 93 and 81%). Conclusions: The CAST seems to be an efficient tool in order to screen for cannabis use disorders among adolescents and young adults. Further research is needed to confirm this result.
ISSN 1465-9891
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Journal of Substance Use
Volume 12
Issue Part 4
Page 233-242
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Aug 2007
CANNABIS<38>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007380574
Authors Buckner J.D. Bonn-Miller M.O. Zvolensky M.J. Schmidt N.B.
Institution
(Buckner, Schmidt) Department of Psychology, FloridaStateUniversity, Tallahassee, FL32306-1270, United States.
(Bonn-Miller, Zvolensky) The University of Vermont, Department of Psychology, 2 Colchester Avenue, John Dewey Hall, Burlington, VT, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Marijuana use motives and social anxiety among marijuana-using young adults.
Source
Addictive Behaviors. 32(10)(pp 2238-2252), 2007. Date of Publication: Oct 2007.
Abstract
Given the high rates of co-occurring marijuana use and social anxiety, the present investigation examined the relations among marijuana use motives, marijuana use and problems, and social anxiety in 159 (54.7% female) young adults (M<sub>age</sub> = 18.74, SD = 1.20). As expected, after covarying for a number of variables related to both marijuana use and social anxiety (e.g. gender, alcohol use problems, anxiety sensitivity), social anxiety predicted greater numbers of marijuana use problems. Interestingly, social anxiety was not related to marijuana use frequency. Also consistent with prediction, social anxiety was a significant predictor of coping and conformity motives for marijuana use above and beyond relevant variables. Finally, coping motives for marijuana use mediated the relation between social anxiety and marijuana use problems. These data provide novel evidence for the unique effects of coping-motivated marijuana use in the link between marijuana-related impairment and social anxiety. copyright 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0306-4603
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addictive Behaviors
Volume 32
Issue Part 10
Page 2238-2252
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Oct 2007
CANNABIS<80>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007336398
Authors Copeland J. Maxwell J.C.
Institution
(Copeland) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
(Maxwell) Addiction Research Institute, Center for Social Work Research, University of Texas, Austin, TX, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Cannabis treatment outcomes among legally coerced and non-coerced adults.
Source
BMC Public Health. 7, 2007. Article Number: 111. Date of Publication: 2007.
Abstract
Background. Treatment seeking for cannabis dependence in general, and particularly the number of criminal justice referrals to cannabis treatment, has increased over the past decade. This study aims to compare the characteristics, psychosocial functioning and treatment outcome of those legally coerced into cannabis treatment compared to those entering treatment without legal coercion. Methods. This study is a retrospective audit of the administrative clinical records of 27,198 adults presenting to public Texas treatment programs with cannabis as their primary drug problem between 2000 and 2005. Results. Of the 69% legally coerced into treatment, there was less psychological distress and greater likelihood of having completed treatment compared with non-coerced clients. Participants who were legally coerced into treatment were also more likely to have received less intensive forms of treatment and to have not used cannabis in the month prior to 90-day post-treatment follow-up. Conclusion. More public health information is needed on cannabis dependence and increased availability of subsidised early and brief interventions in a variety of primary health care settings would reduce the late presentations of the more severely impaired voluntary clients. The limitations of this dataset are discussed. copyright 2007 Copeland and Maxwell; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Publication Type Journal: Review
Journal Name BMC Public Health
Volume 7
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication 2007
CANNABIS <88>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007327161
Authors Bonn-Miller M.O. Zvolensky M.J. Marshall E.C. Bernstein A.
Institution
(Bonn-Miller, Zvolensky, Marshall) University of Vermont, United States.
(Bernstein) Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, United States.
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Incremental validity of anxiety sensitivity in relation to Marijuana withdrawal symptoms.
Source
Addictive Behaviors. 32(9)(pp 1843-1851), 2007. Date of Publication: Sep 2007.
Abstract
The present investigation examined the relation between anxiety sensitivity (AS) and marijuana withdrawal severity among 84 (47 female) young adult marijuana smokers. As expected, after covarying for the theoretically-relevant variables of frequency of past 30-day marijuana use, number of cigarettes smoked per day, volume of alcohol consumed, and anxious arousal as well as anhedonic depressive symptoms, both the global AS factor and the AS-mental incapacitation concerns factor were significantly related to the severity of retrospectively reported marijuana withdrawal symptoms. Results are discussed in relation to better understanding cognitive-emotional variables related to the marijuana withdrawal. copyright 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
ISSN 0306-4603
Publication Type Journal: Article
Journal Name Addictive Behaviors
Volume 32
Issue Part 9
Page 1843-1851
Year of Publication 2007
Date of Publication Sep 2007
CANNABIS<91>
Database EMBASE
Accession Number 2007293257
Authors Degenhardt L. Cheng H. Anthony J.C.
Institution
(Degenhardt, Cheng, Anthony) Department of Epidemiology, MichiganStateUniversity, Fee Hall, East Lansing, MI48824, United States.
(Degenhardt) National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre, University of New South Wales,
Country of Publication
United Kingdom
Title
Assessing cannabis dependence in community surveys: Methodological issues.
Source
International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research. 16(2)(pp 43-51), 2007. Date of Publication: 2007.
Abstract
Drug-related social role impairments and social maladaptation are referenced explicitly in the case definitions for drug dependence within DSM-IV-TR. Nonetheless, cases of drug dependence without this type of secondary consequence have been observed in recent epidemiological studies. When an 'impairment/maladaptation gating' approach has been taken during recent large-scale psychiatric surveys (for example, to reduce participant fatigue or burden), the net effect may include (a) a reduced number of identified drug dependence cases and (b) biases in the estimates of association linked to the occurrence of drug dependence. In this report, we probe these issues with respect to cannabis dependence, making use of data from the cross-sectional United States National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a household survey of 43,093 adults aged 18 years and over. In this process, we shed light on actual impact of the gating approach mentioned above. Specifically, when we simulated a social impairment/maladaptation 'gated' assessment of cannabis dependence, the end result was a very modest reduction in the estimated prevalence of cannabis dependence. It suggested that for every 10 000 general population survey respondents there would be no more than 12 cases of cannabis dependence without the above-referenced impairments/maladaptations. Patterns of association linking suspected background characteristics to the prevalence of cannabis dependence were not appreciably different when the 'gated' and 'ungated' approaches were applied. In summarv, there are reasons to take the ungated approach in detailed research on cannabis use and dependence. Nevertheless, in panoramic mental health surveys, the inefficiency of an 'ungated' approach must be balanced against the anticipated yield of cannabis dependence cases who lack social role impairments or socially maladaptive behaviours. Copyright copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.