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SOC101 REVIEWS FOR CHAPTER 1-20
Dr. Ji
SOC 101
Review List for Chapter 1
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This review provides you with some of the terms, definitions, events, names of sociologists, and others associated to the course covered. However, they are not inclusive or comprehensive but just part of the content. Students who wish to obtain good results in their test scores, are strongly advised to read all pages of the chapter.
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Terms
Sociological perspective, social context, sociological imagination, social problems, individual problems, social sciences, sociology, Industrial Revolution, American Revolution, French Revolution, technology, global village, Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, August Comte, social statics, social dynamics, positivism, social forces, social integration, class conflict, bourgeoisie, proletariat, capitalism, working class, George Mead, Symbolic Interactionism, symbols, Talcott Parsons, Structural Functionalism, institutions, statuses, roles, functions, manifest functions, latent functions, dysfunctions, Max Weber, social facts, verstehen
Concepts
Sociology-scientific study of human behavior
Social theory- a general statement about how some parts of the world fit together and how they work.
Goal of science-explain social phenomena and make generalizations
Pure sociology-discover life in human group but not change
Applied sociology- apply sociology to solve social problems
Karl Marx-founder of Conflict Theory, bourgeoisie, proletariat, means of production,
Emile Durkheim-social facts (pattern of behavior), social integration, suicide, anomie,
Max Weber-Protestant ethic & capitalism, objectivity & value-free, Verstehen (insight understanding)
C. Wright Mills- sociological imagination, personal problems, social problems
August Comte-father of sociology, coined the term of sociology, positivism, objective observation
George Herbert Mead-development of Symbolic Interactionism, society= everyday interaction of individuals
Talcott Parsons- Structural Functionalism, Structure-interlocking social organization (institutions, statuses, roles, etc), functions-meet people’s needs
Robert Merton-manifest function (intended), latent function (unintended), dysfunction (negative)
Functionalist and Conflict theorists tend to focus on large-scale patterns of society (Macro-level) while Symbolic interactionalists pay attention to the face-to-face (micro-level)
Manifest function- intended function
Latent function- unintended function
Dysfunction-negative and hurtful function
Discussion
What is sociology and what is a theory?
Who are the earlier sociologists and what about their sociological perspectives?
What are the differences between Functionalist, Conflict Theorist, and Symbolic Interactionist’s perspectives?
Dr. Ji
Soc101
Review List for Chapter 2 Culture
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Terms
Culture, language, values, norms, beliefs, mores, folkways, taboo, behaviors, material objects, material culture, nonmaterial culture, cultural relativism, ethnocentrism, cultural shock, cultural change, gathering & hunting, herding and horticulture, agriculture, industrialism, post industrial, symbols, culture specific, cultural transmission, The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, sanction, pluralistic society, subcultures, countercultures, ideal culture, real culture, cultural diffusion, cultural leveling, gestures(culture specific).
Concepts
Material culture-all tangible products of a society, cars, clothing, housings, TVs, planes, etc.
Nonmaterial culture-all intangible products of a society, laws, ideas, values, beliefs, norm, etc
Cultural relativism-understand a people from the framework of its own culture.
Ethnocentrism-using one=s own culture as a yardstick for judging the ways of individual or society
Cultural shock= the disorientation people experience when they come in contact with a fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken-for-granted assumptions about life.
Gestures=using one=s body to communicate/culture specific.
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis= language determines our consciousness and our perceptions of life around us.
Values= standards by which people define good and bad, beautiful and ugly.
Norms= the expected behaviors that develop out of a society=s values.
Three types of norms= mores, folkways, and taboos.
Mores= of great significance. The norms that are strictly enforced
Folkways= of little moral significance. The norms that are not strictly enforced
Taboos= norms that are strongly prohibited because they bring about revulsion if violated.
Subculture= a group that has a distinctive way of looking at life, but at the same time their values and norms reflect the dominant culture of their society.
Counterculture= groups whose values and norms are in opposition to mainstream culture.
Ideal culture= the ideal values and norms of a people, the goals held out fro them.
Real culture= the norms and values that people actually follow.
Cultural universals= a value, norm, pr other cultural trait that is found in every group.
Cultural diffusion= the spread of cultural characteristics from one group to another. People in one group adapt some part of another group=s material and/or nonmaterial culture.
Cultural leveling= the process by which cultures become more similar to each other as a result of travel and communication.
Discussion
What are culture and its components?
What are values and social norms?
What are the differences between subculture and counterculture?
What are the dominant values in the United States?
Discuss the terms of cultural diffusion, cultural leveling, ideal culture, and real culture.
Dr. Ji
SOC101
Review Chapter 3 Socialization
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Terms
Feral children, isolation, peer group, institutionalization, deprivation, heredity, social environment, personality, socialization, nature, nurture, gender, ascribed status, achieved status, self, mind, significant others, id, ego, superego, agents, re-socialization, first group, secondary group, looking glass-self, total institution, life course,
Concepts
Peer group= people of the same age and sharing common interests.
Ascribed statuses=positions an individual either inherits at birth or receives involuntarily in life
Achieved statuses=positions that are earned or involve some efforts on the individual part
Studies of isolated and institutionalized children point out the importance of intimate early social interaction in acquiring the basic “human” traits we take for granted
Charles Horton Cooley=we develop a self-concept when we interact with others
“Looking-glass self”= describe the process by which we develop a sense of self (Charles Horton Cooley coined the term)
George Herbert Mead =we acquire a sense of self when we learn to take the role of the other
Significant others= Mead’s term, meaning people who have significant influence on you such as parents, siblings, relatives, friends, colleagues, etc.
Role taking- four stages to develop: imitation, playing, game, and generalized others stages.
Piaget-the development of reasoning skills (sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational)
Development of personality =Id, Ego, Superego by Freud.
Id-the inborn drive for self gratification such as cries of hunger or pain; basic demanding needs and pleasure seeking aspect of our personality (food, safety, sex, etc.)
Superego-the moral component of our personality. It is the conscience. It represents culture within us-the norms and values. It gives us sense of guilty when break social rules and pride when we follow them. It is our social self.
Ego-the balancing force between the ID and the demands of society that suppress it
Agents of socialization=people who influence our self-concept, attitudes, and behaviors.
Sex=biologically determined, male or female.
Gender=socially determined distribution of work, income, position simply based on who are males or females.
Agents of socialization=family, religion, school, day care, peer groups, mass media, internet, etc.
Resocialization=process of learning new norms, values and behaviors.
The “looking-glass self”= Our sense of self is developed from interaction with others. The self is socially created.
Total institution- a place in which people are cut off from the rest of society and controlled by officials who run the place (prison, military, mental institutions, etc.)
Life course-the sequence of events experienced from birth to death (childhood, adolescence, young adulthood, the middle years, later middle years, early older, & later older).
Discussion
What are socialization and human nature (nature or nurture)?
What is self and why is self the result of conversation between I and me based on Mead?
Discuss the four stages of role taking – imitation, play, game, and generalized others based on Mead.
How does Charles Horton Cooley’s “Looking Glass Self” illustrate the formulation of a person’s self-concept?
How does Sigmund Freud use the concept of “ID, The Super Ego, and The Ego” to illustrate the development of personality?
What are the stages in the life course?
Dr. Ji
Soc101
Review List for Chapter 4 Social Structure and Social Interaction
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Macrosociological & microsociological perspectives, social institutions, social structure, roles, social class, culture, groups, status, achieved status, ascribed status, status symbol, master status, status set, status inconsistency, voluntary & involuntary memberships, social cohesion, mechanical & organic solidarity, Gemeinschaft, Gesellschaft, stereotypes, role strain, role conflict, ethnomethodology, dramaturgy, front stage, back stage, social setting, sign-vehicles, Thomas Theorem
Concepts
Macrosociology-broader feature of social structure (functionalist and conflict perspectives)
Microsociology-face-to-face social interaction (symbolic perspective)
Social structure-framework that surrounds us, consisting of the relationships of people and groups to one another, which give direction to and set limits on behavior
Social class-consists of large numbers of people who have similar amounts of income and education and who work at jobs that are roughly comparable in prestige.
Status-position one occupies; status set-all the statuses or positions one occupies;
Ascribed statuses- inheriting at birth or receiving involuntarily later in life;
Achieved statuses- obtained at least in part through individual effort
Master status (sex, race, disabled, ethnicity)-primary relative to and overshadow all other statuses
Status inconsistency-a contradiction or mismatch between statuses.
Roles comprise the expectations, obligations, privileges,behaviors attached to a social position
Groups consist of people who regularly interact with one another and, usually, share similar values, norms, and expectations.
Voluntary membership-social group one chooses to belong such as sports club, music band, etc.
Involuntary memberships- social groups involved in an involuntary association with other membership but one has little option to belong such as family, gender, ethnic groups, etc.
Social institutions (family, education, religion, the law, politics, economics, science, medicine, the military, mass media)- are the organized ways that each society develops to meet its basic needs of society.
Mechanical solidarity-a shared consciousness that people experience as a result of performing the similar tasks.
Organic solidarity-based on interdependence brought about by the division of labor
Gemeinschaft- based on traditional society in which life is intimate and people share a sense of togetherness
Gesellschaft- characterized by modern industrialized society in which life is impersonal, short-term relationships, self-interests, and impersonal association.
Stereotypes-simplified generalization about people or things, often biased point of views about people or things. Assumptions about what people or things are like.
Role strain-conflict one feels within the same role
Role conflict-what is expected of us is incompatible with what is expected of us in another role.
Social cohesion-the degree to which members of society feel united by shared values and bonds
Social setting-place where action takes place
Manner-attitudes when playing roles
Sign-vehicles-social settings, our appearance and manner, which are used to communicate information about ourselves
Thomas Theorem-if people define situations real, they are real in their consequences.
Discussion
Define social structure and discuss its significance.
List social institutions and their functions?
What are the statuses, master status, roles, role strains, role conflicts, the differences between ascribed and achieved statuses, and the difference between a status and a role?
What are groups, voluntary and involuntary memberships, and the significance of groups?
What are social cohesion, mechanical solidarity and organic solidarity based on Email Durkheim?
What is the difference between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft as termed by Ferdinand Tonnis?
What is the Thomas Theorem?
Dr. Ji
Soc101Review List for Chapter 5 Ideal Research Model
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Basic Terms
Hypothesis, research method, variable, operational definition, validity, reliability, survey, participant observation, secondary analysis, documents, unobtrusive measures, experiments, replication, population, sample, random sample, stratified random sample, interviews, mail questionnaires, generalizability, mean, median, mode, biased sample, biased questions, the Hawthorne Experiment, quantitative methods, qualitative method
Basic Concepts
A hypothesis predicts a relationship between or among variables, according to predictions from a theory.
A variable=a factor thought to be significant for human behavior and varies from one case to another.
Research method=any of the six methods used to conduct social research: survey, participant observation, secondary analysis, documents, unobtrusive measures, and experiments.
Reliability refers to the extent to which different studies come up with similar results.
Random sample, everyone in the population has the same chance of being included in the study
A correlation coefficient measures the strength of the relationship between two variables.
A spurious correlation=a relationship between variables is explained away by a third variable.
Operational definition=the actual indicator used in a measured hypothesis.
Validity=the extent to which an operational definition measures what it was intended to measure.
Reliability= the extent to which research produces consistent results.
Surveys=collecting data by asking people a series of questions.
Participant observation=collecting data by watching people’s behavior.
Secondary analysis=analyzing data collected by others.
Documents= written sources such as books, newspapers, diaries, bank records, police reports or files, etc.
Unobtrusive measures=observing the behaviors of people who do not know they are being watched and studied.
Experiments=the use of control group and experimental group to test the causation relationship between dependent and independent variables.
Replication=Repeating of the same study to see if similar results can come out.
Population=a total membership of a defined class of people. All cases of the targeted group
Sample= a subset of cases selected from a population.
Random sample=a sample in which every one has the same chances of being selected.
Stratified random sample= specific subgroups of the targeted population in which everyone has an equal chance of being included.
Generalizability= the extent to which findings from one sample can be generalized to a larger population.
Mode=the mostly frequently occurring scores
Median = the middle point dividing scores in two half: one half above the point and another half below the point
Mean =mathematical average
The Hawthorne Experiment=people were found to change their behavior because they realize they were being studied, not due to any variables being introduced to the experiment.
Quantitative research methods= research in which the emphasis is placed on precise measurement, the use of statistics and numbers.
Qualitative research methods=research in which the emphasis is placed on observing, describing, interpreting people’s behavior.
Dr. Ji
Soc101
Review List Chapter 6 Societies to Social Networks
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Terms
Group, hunting and gathering, horticultural, pastoral, industrial, post-industrial, Agricultural, division of labor, Alienation, secondary group, clique, community, primary, out-group, secondary group, reference group, a double standard, monopolies, dyads, triads, triangles, expressive, laissez-faire, instrumental, authoritarian
Concepts
Society=consists of people who share a culture and a territory.
Hunting and gathering societies=societies with the fewest social divisions, the most egalitarian group of all societies, and the simplest society.
Pastoral society-based on pasturing of animals and nomadic in nature
Horticultural society=based on cultivation of plants leading to permanent settlement
Agricultural society=invention of the plow, creation of surplus food, dawn of civilization
Industrial society=invention of steam engine, manual labor placed by machines, inequality increases
Postindustrial society-invention of the microchips, featuring in technology, information, and services
Group= members having something in common and believe that what they have in common makes a difference.
Aggregates=individuals temporarily share same physical space (drivers in a traffic jam)
Category=people having similar characteristics, not necessarily interacting to each other
A primary group=characterized by an intimate, a long-term, face-to-face association and cooperation
Secondary group=characterized by larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, more formal, and more impersonal
In-Groups=groups toward which we feel loyalty such as police or army unit
Out-Group=groups toward which we feel antagonisms such as the “three KKK”-Ku Klux Klan.
Reference groups=groups we use as standards to evaluate ourselves such as families, classmates, coworkers, teachers, etc.
Cliques=a cluster of people within a larger group who choose to interact with one another
Electronic community=individuals who interact with one another on the Internet
Social networks=the social ties radiating outward from the self that link people together
Group dynamics = the ways in which individuals affect groups and groups affect individuals
Small group=a group small enough for everyone to interact directly with all the other members
Dyad =the smallest possible group consisting of two people, the most unstable group because of its size
Triad=a group of three people, the larger the group, the more complex the relationships in between
Types of leaders: Instrumental leader=task-oriented leader trying to keep the group moving to reach the goal. Expressive leader=socio-emotional leader trying to increasing harmony and minimizing conflicts in a group.