Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus

Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus

BI 232 Lab

Supplemental Package

PCC-Sylvania BI 232 Laboratory Supplement

1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and clean upmaterials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire blanket, safety kit, andshowers.

2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.

3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory guidelinesand per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind, store food or applycosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the benches.

4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear of thelaboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for this purpose.

5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties areavailable, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory. Shoes, notsandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or lab coat if youdesire, but it is not required.

6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, taking

immunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, immunologicaldefect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform the instructorimmediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform instructor.

7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.

Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the dissectionof preserved material.

8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when instructed todo so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.

9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfacessoiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes witha sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.

10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your instructorof any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to water baths or hotplate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.

11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how minor, to theinstructor immediately.

12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines

will be excluded from the Laboratory

Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials

Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.

Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10% bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.

Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not replace their covers.

1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.

2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.

3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in Carosafe/Wardsafe.

4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor.

5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.

a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the models and may take a long time to replace.

6. At the end of an experiment:

a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.

b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards!

7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.

8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard.

9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench.

10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash container

provided.

Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines

and directions will be excluded from the Laboratory

Please Read

You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well. If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models. Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!

Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions in the tests.

Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.

Spelling can account for up to 10% off of your grade so please be careful. Also be aware of singular and plural usage because these mistakes will count as spelling errors.

Absences: You cannot miss more than two labs and still pass the course. Also you can only attend another instructor’s class once during the quarter. This must be approved by both instructors. If you attend another instructor’s lab without permission your quiz will be automatically thrown out.

There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do. You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare for the tests.

Any material found in the lab manual can be used for the extra credit questions.

If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator () Thank you!

BI 232 Laboratory: Week 1

Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, Reflexes

Ex 13. Histology of Nervous Tissue (page 259-262)

Ex 15. The Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves

Ex 16. Human Reflex Physiology

______

Study focus: spinal cord histology, spinal nerves, reflex physiology

Lab resources:Cross-section models of C7 with spinal cord, several flat models with spinal cord and spinal nerves/plexuses, vertebral column with spinal cord and spinal nerves, large and smaller arm and leg models, full-body muscle models, slide boxes, microscopes,…. Reflex hammers, calipers

Slides available: Multipolar neuron, spinal cord, nerveosmium stain (cs & ls), nerve Masson ( c.s & l.s.)

Lab activities:

15.3 Two-point discrimination test

16.4 and 16.5 Reflexes

List of spinal nerves that will be tested on arm models, leg models, and flat models (Fig. 15.1)

Phrenic nerve

Musculocutaneous nerve

Axillary nerve

Median nerve

Ulnar nerve

Radial nerve

Femoral nerve

Sciatic nerve

Terms to know:

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Chapter 13

Posterior horn

Anterior horn

Lateral horns

Gray commissure

Central canal

Funiculi (singular=funiculus)

Posterior (dorsal) white column

Anterior (ventral) white column

Lateral white column

Anterior median fissure

Posterior median sulcus

Ascending tracts

Descending tracts

Lower motor neurons

Upper motor neurons

Ventral root

Dorsal root

Dorsal root ganglion

Epineurium

Nerve bundles (nerve fascicles)

Perineurium

Endoneurium

Saltatory propagation

Chapter 15 (know Table 15.1)

Conus medullaris

Vertebral canal

Vertebral foramen (foramina)

Cervical and lumbar enlargements

Spinal nerves

Intervertebral foramen (foramina)

Mixed nerves

Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater

Subarachnoid space

Epidural space

Filum terminale

Denticulate ligaments

Cauda equina

Sympathetic (autonomic) ganglion

Dorsal rami

Ventral rami

Rami communicantes

Plexus

Intercostal nerves

Ascending and descending pathways

Primary sensory area

Sensory homunculus

Primary motor area

Upper motor neurons

Lower motor neurons

Dermatomes

Chapter 16 (know tables 16.1 & 16.2)

Primary motor area

Motor homunculus

Reflex

Reflex arc (know the 5 elements)

Stretch reflexes

Muscle spindles

Deep tendon reflex

Withdrawal reflex

Crossed extensor reflex

Biceps reflex

Patellar reflex

Achilles reflex

Babinski (plantar) reflex

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BI 232 Laboratory: Week 2

Quiz 1 (material from previous week)

The Brain

Ex 14. The Brain – Part I

______

Study focus:The brain pages 269-285

Lab resources:Various brain models, sheep brains for dissection and testing, sheep brains and human brains in resin and formaldehyde (please leave latter on instructor bench), models for the ventricles of the brain, dissectable full head models w/removable brains

Lab activities:

Dissection of sheep brain be able to ID structures in fig 14.8 sections a & b, fig 14.8 all

Terms to know: Table 14.1 Major structures of human brain, Figures 14.7, 14.9 (All)

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Cerebral hemispheres

Corpus callosum

Frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal lobes

Insula

Cerebral cortex

Gyri (singular=gyrus)

Sulcus

Fissure

White matter

Association fibers

Commissural fibers

Projection fibers

Basal nuclei

Pituitary gland

Infundibulum

Cerebellar cortex

Cerebellar nuclei

Cerebellar peduncles

Optic nerves

Optic chiasm

Subarachnoid space

Longitudinal fissure

Central sulcus

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Lateral fissure (sulcus)

Transverse fissure

Olfactory bulbs

Olfactory nerves

Olfactory tracts

Cingulate gyrus

Limbic system

Septum pellucidum

Mamillary body

Fornix

Hippocampus

Arbor vitae

Ependymal cells

Choroid plexuses

Arachnoid granulations (arachnoid villi)

Precentral gyrus

Postcentral gyrus

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Cranial Nerves

______

Study focus:Cranial nerves and cranial nerve tests

Lab resources: Brain models and sheep brains

Lab activities:

14.7

14.8

14.9

Terms to know:Be able to identify cranial nerves and foramina on both models and pictures

Figure 14.14 (All)

Table 14.6 (All)

Table 14.8 be able to answer questions concerning testing of cranial nerves

BI 232 Laboratory: Week 3

Quiz 2 (material from previous week)

Olfaction, Taste, Vision

Ex 17. Special Senses (pages 319-337)

______

Study focus:identify structures of the special senses and know how these senses are tested

Lab resources:Eye models, sheep eyes for dissection, flat sagittal head models, dissectable full head models, PTC paper, slide boxes, microscopes

Astigmatism chart, Snellen eye chart, color charts, flashlight, opthalmoscope,

Slides available: mammal eye, monkey eye, Tongue: circumvallate papilla, fungiform papilla, filiform papilla

Lab activities:

17.1 A, skip B

17.2

17.3 and 17.4 (skip C)

17.5 and 17.6

Terms to know:

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General senses

Somatic sensations

Visceral sensations

Specials senses

Olfaction

Gustation

Vision

Hearing

Equilibrium

Olfactory epithelium

Olfactory receptor cells

Supporting cells

Basal cells

Superior nasal concha

Cribriform plate

Perpendicular plate

Olfactory foramina

Olfactory area in temporal lobe

Cilia

Olfactory glands

Papillae (singular=papilla)

Fungiform, filiform and circumvallate papillae

Taste buds

Taste pore

Gustatory cells

Basal cells

Taste hairs

Facial nerve

Glossopharyngeal nerve

Vagus nerve

Gustatory nucleus

Thalamus

Primary gustatory cortex

Five primary taste sensations

Oral cavity

Pharynx

Soft palate

Epiglottis

Eye Structures ( Fig. 17.6 & 17.7 & 17.9)

Nervous layer

Melanocytes

Melanin

Photoreceptor cells

Lateral geniculate bodies

Superior colliculi

Optic radiations

Visual cortex

Tarsal (meibomian) glands

Nasolacrimal duct

Extrinsic eye muscles (Fig 11.4) all

Choroid

Suspensory ligaments

Lens

Optic disc

Blind spot

Macula lutea

Fovea centralis

Posterior cavity

Vitreous humor

Anterior cavity

Anterior chamber

Posterior chamber

Aqueous humor

Binocular vision

Presbyopia

Near-point accommodation

Emmetropia

Myopia

Hyperopia

Astigmatism

Color blindness

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Draw taste papilla with taste bud:Draw Retina of the eye (label layers)

BI 232 Laboratory: Week 4

Quiz 3 (material from previous week)

Hearing and Equilibrium

Ex 17 – Part II. The ear (pages 337-344)

Review for Lab Practical I

Lab Resources: ear models, ear ossicles in resin, microscopes, slide boxes, tuning forks, otoscopes

Slides available: Cochlea

Lab Activities: Activities 17.7 17.8

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Ear Structures

All structures in fig 17.16 & 17.17

Ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)

Labyrinth

Bony labyrinth

Membranous labyrinth

Perilymph

Endolymph

Vestibule

Utricle

Saccule

Maculae (singular=macula)

Static equilibrium

Semicircular canals

Cristae within ampullae (cristae ampullaris)

Dynamic equilibrium

Cochlea

Organ of Corti

Stereocilia

Vestibulocochlear nerve

Vestibular division

Vestibular ganglia

Vestibular nuclei

Cerebellum

Cerebral cortex

Thalamus

Inferior colliculi

Medial geniculate bodies

Auditory areas in the temporal lobes

Auricle (pinna)

External acoustic meatus

Helix

Earlobe

Tympanic membrane

Auditory canal

Ceruminous (wax) glands

Cerumen

Cochlear duct

Vestibular duct

Tympanic duct

Vestibular membrane

Basilar membrane

Spiral ganglion

Tectorial membrane

Conductive deafness

Sensorineural deafness

Rinne test

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Lab Practical I will be next week (week 5)!

The practical will cover all the material covered in the package for the last 4 weeks of lab

Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package

Models

Images

Microscopes (images will also be provided for histology questions)

75 questions (timed)

Also this week:

Instructors will determine 4 student volunteers who will be testing their blood glucose levels in week 6!

BI 232 Laboratory: Week 6

No quiz this week!

Endocrinology

Ex 18. The Endocrine System

______

Study focus: Bold-faced terms on pages 349-363 of lab manual, Exercise 18 review sheet

Lab resources:Flat endocrine models, dissectable full-head models, dissectable torso models, slide boxes and microscopes

Glucometers, sharps and biohazard containers, sterilized cotton balls, band-aids, alcohol wipes, lancets

Slides available:Thyroid gland, adrenal, pancreas, hypophysis, ovary, testis

Please note: This week, some students will deal with blood which may contain infectious organisms! Please read the lab safety instructions provided on your lab benches before you start your lab activities today!!!

Lab activities:

All activities outlined in the lab manual

Glucometer testing with 4 volunteers

Terms to know:

Terms that must be identified in histology are marked with an * and if they can be seen in both gross and histological preparations they will be marked with a **.

Figure 18.1 (know all)

Table 18.1 (know all)

Table 18.2 (know all)

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Endocrine system

Endocrine glands

Hormones

Target cells

Exocrine glands

Neuroendocrine effect

Releasing hormones

Inhibiting hormones

Infundibulum

Sella turcica

Trachea

Thyroid cartilage

Thyroid gland**

Isthmus of the thyroid

Thyroxine (T4)

Tri-iodothyronine (T3)

Calcitonin

Thyroid follicles*

Follicle cavity*