Name: ______
TERM PROJECT – PSYCHOLOGY 2150 (Dr. Kim P. Miller)
DUE DATE: DECEMBER 1, 2010
Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
1.Given what you've learned in this course so far, it is important for you to learn about the brain if you want to be a counselor and not a researcher because you need to
a. / be able to diagnose mental illness when you talk to people.b. / be able to recognize the possibility of some kind of physical condition behind what appears to be psychological.
c. / be able to prescribe medications correctly for your clients.
d. / know as much as a neuroscientist.
2.Trepanation is a(an)
a. / ancient practice of drilling holes in a person's skull.b. / type of mummification.
c. / postmortem ritual.
d. / technique involving the analysis of the bumps on the skull.
3.Anton van Leeuwenhoek advanced brain science by
a. / demonstrating that neurons communicate via electricity.b. / demonstrating that sensory and motor information travel along separate pathways.
c. / inventing the light microscope.
d. / proposing the Neuron Doctrine.
4.The Neuron Doctrine pertains to the
a. / use of electricity by neurons in communication.b. / localization of language to the left hemisphere.
c. / separate pathways used for processing sensory and motor information
d. / nervous system as a collection of separate cells.
5.The purpose of stimulation research is to
a. / identify stimuli that activate a particular part of the brain.b. / identify the function of a part of the brain.
c. / observe individual ion channels in the membranes of neurons.
d. / observe the activity of a particular part of the brain.
6.As part of your senior thesis, you want to study the effects of advertising on young children during Saturday morning cartoons. Which of the following is the first step you will need to take?
a. / Get informed consent from the group of children you will be using as subjects.b. / Obtain approval for your project from the human participants institutional review board at the university you are attending.
c. / Recruit students from a local school to be subjects.
d. / Find a place for all the children to watch television together on a Saturday morning.
7.A dog's ears are ______relative to its tail.
a. / rostral / c. / dorsalb. / caudal / d. / ventral
8.Researchers who wished to view a structure from the top of the head would use a ______section.
a. / sagittal / c. / horizontalb. / coronal / d. / midsagittal
9.Axons carrying sensory information to the brain may be found in
a. / the ventral white matter of the spinal cord.b. / the dorsal white matter of the spinal cord.
c. / both the ventral and dorsal white matter of the spinal cord.
d. / the lateral white matter of the spinal cord only.
10.Degeneration of the basal ganglia is a feature of which of the following conditions?
a. / Alzheimer's disease / c. / schizophreniab. / Parkinson's disease / d. / autism
11.Damage to the hippocampus in both cerebral hemispheres is associated with
a. / Parkinson's disease. / c. / retrograde amnesia.b. / schizophrenia. / d. / anterograde amnesia.
12.Students in a biological psychology laboratory were investigating the ability of rats to form associations between tones and electrical shock. Lesions to which of the following structures would make it very difficult for the students to teach their rats to be afraid of the tones?
a. / the nucleus accumbens / c. / the substantia nigrab. / the amydala / d. / the hypothalmus
13.“Permeability” refers to the ability of the cell's
a. / axons to form connections with other neurons.b. / microtubules to transport substances within the cell.
c. / dendrites to receive information from other neurons.
d. / membrane to control the movement of substances into or out of the cell.
14.Anterograde and retrograde transport within neurons occurs along
a. / microtubules. / c. / microfilaments.b. / neurofilaments. / d. / transport sites.
15.In Alzheimer’s disease, which of the following substances contributes to the development of neurofibrillary tangles?
a. / tetrodotoxin / c. / amyloidb. / calcium / d. / tetanospasmin
16.Conduction of action potentials in an unmyelinated axon is referred to as
a. / absolute. / c. / saltatory.b. / relative. / d. / passive.
17.Protein structures on the postsynaptic neuron that have recognition sites on the extracellular side and G proteins on the intracellular side are known as
a. / ionotropic receptors. / c. / autoreceptors.b. / metabotropic receptors. / d. / transporter molecules.
18.What could happen if the neurotransmitter stayed in the synapse longer than it should, rather than being deactivated?
a. / The action potential might go on and on and on.b. / Nothing important, as neurotransmitters can only interact with receptors one time.
c. / The neuron might not be able to fire any more because it would be stuck in the refractory period.
d. / Receptors on the post-synaptic neuron might continue to be stimulated by the neurotransmitter.
19.Chemical messengers that often travel in the blood supply in order to affect target neurons that are quite distant are known as
a. / neurotransmitters. / c. / neurohormones.b. / neuromodulators. / d. / neuroenzymes.
20.L-dopa participates in the synthesis of
a. / dopamine only.b. / dopamine and epinephrine.
c. / dopamine and norepinephrine.
d. / dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine.
21.Behaviors involving movement, reinforcement, and planning often involve brain systems that use the neurotransmitter
a. / dopamine. / c. / epinephrine.b. / norepinephrine. / d. / serotonin.
22.Which of the following drugs act as reuptake inhibitors?
a. / organophosphates and reserpine / c. / nicotine and curareb. / cocaine and Prozac® / d. / Botox® and apomorphine
23.The magnitude of a drug's effect is mostdirectly a result of
a. / the concentration of the drug in the blood supply.b. / the gender of the user.
c. / the method of administration (smoking, chewing, etc).
d. / whether or not the drug is fat soluble.
24.John participates in a drinking game at a friend’s weekend party and after a while, finds himself vomiting uncontrollably. Which of the following statements is the best description of John’s situation?
a. / There is nothing to worry about. Everybody vomits when they drink alcohol at parties.b. / John’s blood-brain barrier must be malfunctioning, as this normally would prevent the initiation of vomiting.
c. / John has ingested a dangerous amount of alcohol, and his area postrema has initiated vomiting in order to remove remaining alcohol from his stomach.
d. / John must have ingested other drugs in addition to alcohol, because alcohol alone will not initiate vomiting.
25.Ultraviolet light would not make a good basis for a visual system because
a. / it passes through objects rather than reflecting from them.b. / it is too abundant at the surface of the earth.
c. / most ultraviolet light is blocked by the earth's atmosphere.
d. / it travels at too slow a speed.
26.The reason we do not perceive our eye blinks as “blackouts” might be that:
a. / blinks happen too quickly to be perceived by the cerebral cortex.b. / during a blink, the visual cortex is inactivated.
c. / we learn to ignore these interruptions in visual input.
d. / during a blink, areas of the brain involved with consciousness become less active.
27.Which of the following structures is actually a clear extension of the sclera?
a. / the fovea / c. / the lensb. / the macula / d. / the cornea
28.While you are reading this test, your ______vision is most active because of activity in your ______.
a. / photopic; fovea / c. / photopic; ganglionb. / scotopic; fovea / d. / photopic; rods
29.In humans, ______percent of optic nerve fibers cross the midline.
a. / 20 / c. / 70b. / 50 / d. / 100
30.Visual input to the suprachiasmatic nucleus participates in
a. / setting circadian rhythms. / c. / visually guided reflexes.b. / recognizing familiar objects. / d. / recognizing color.
31.In the film Prisoner of Azkaban, Harry Potter’s “Fat Lady” painting tries to break a glass with the high-pitched, loud sound of her singing voice alone. Which type of sound stimulus is the Fat Lady trying to produce?
a. / high amplitude, low frequency / c. / low amplitude, low frequencyb. / high amplitude, high frequency / d. / low amplitude, high frequency
32.Axons from the inferior colliculi synapse in the ______of the thalamus.
a. / medial geniculate nucleus / c. / ventral posterior nucleusb. / lateral geniculate nucleus / d. / intralaminar nuclei
33.Which of the following parts of the body are more sensitive according to the two-point discrimination test?
a. / back of the torso / c. / forearmsb. / calves of the legs / d. / lips
34.Which of the following areas of the human body has the largest representation in the primary somatosensory cortex?
a. / the foot / c. / the thumbb. / the torso / d. / the leg
35.Olfactory receptor axons synapse within the
a. / olfactory epithelium.b. / glomeruli of the olfactory bulbs.
c. / olfactory cortex.
d. / medial dorsal nucleus of the thalamus.
36.Gustatory cortex is located in the ______lobe.
a. / frontal / c. / parietalb. / temporal / d. / occipital
37.Current research suggests that Americans
a. / are getting just about the right amount of sleep.b. / are sleeping more than the amount that is considered healthy.
c. / are sleeping less than the amount that is considered healthy.
d. / sleep too little during the work week, but maintain a healthy lifestyle by catching up on sleep over the weekend.
38.Melatonin is released during the
a. / day in diurnal species and during the night in nocturnal species.b. / day in nocturnal species and during the night in diurnal species.
c. / day in both diurnal and noctural species.
d. / night in both diurnal and noctural species.
39.It is most likely that sleep
a. / has the same functions in all species.b. / does not serve the same purposes in all species.
c. / is a behavior seen only in birds and mammals, as it requires a complex brain.
d. / has important functions, but humans can live without it.
40.Metabolism rates are
a. / positively correlated with the production of harmful free radicals.b. / negatively correlated with the need for nutrients.
c. / positively correlated with hours spent awake.
d. / negatively correlated with the production of harmful free radicals.
41.The purpose of the rapid eye movements that occur during REM sleep is
a. / to direct the eyes during dreaming.b. / to reduce emotional stress.
c. / to maintain sleep in spite of high levels of brain activity.
d. / currently unknown.
42.Wakefulness is associated with high levels of
a. / acetylcholine and GABA. / c. / histamine and melatonin.b. / acetylcholine and histamine. / d. / adenosine and histamine.
43.Savant behaviors occur
a. / only in individuals with autism.b. / in the majority of individuals with autism and mental retardation.
c. / in a small minority of individuals with autism and mental retardation.
d. / only in people who have experienced brain damage.
44.Which of the following statistical facts provides support for a role of prenatal androgen levels in lateralization?
a. / lower rates of verbal learning disabilities among malesb. / higher rates of immune disorders among females
c. / lower rates of left-handedness among males exposed prenatally to ultrasound
d. / higher rates of left-handedness among males
45.Left-handed people
a. / nearly always lateralize language to the right hemisphere.b. / are less likely to lateralize language to the right hemisphere.
c. / are less likely to use both hemispheres equally for language than right-handed people.
d. / are more likely to use both hemispheres equally for language than right-handed people.
46.An area of the brain that appears to be structurally different in musicians with perfect pitch is
a. / the planum temporale.b. / the prefrontal cortex.
c. / Heschl's gyrus (primary auditory cortex).
d. / the corpus callosum.
47.As a child, Michelle learned sign language at the same time she learned English because her mother signed and spoke at the same time. If Michelle has a stroke that results in Broca's aphasia, which of the following might you expect?
a. / She will speak English with difficulty but will be able to sign perfectly.b. / She will be unable to sign correctly but will be able to speak English well.
c. / She will be able to speak English with difficulty and will also have trouble signing.
d. / She will have no comprehension of English, but she will be able to sign well.
48.The arcuate fasciculus is typically damaged in cases of
a. / conduction aphasia only.b. / conduction aphasia and Broca's aphasia.
c. / conduction aphasia and global aphasia.
d. / conduction aphasia and transcortical aphasia.
49.Historical trends indicate that rates of human violence
a. / have been stable for thousands of years.b. / have increased dramatically in the last 100 years.
c. / have decreased relative to ancient times.
d. / remain very low in hunter-gatherer groups, but have increased dramatically in nation-states.
50.Emotional expression can enhance survival by enabling us to
a. / avoid negative valences.b. / produce uniform levels of arousal.
c. / reduce stress.
d. / communicate nonverbally with others.
51.Brittany was interning at a rehabilitation facility for people who had experienced brain damage in automobile accidents. She noticed that some of her patients were usually quite cheerful, in spite of their injuries. It is most likely that Brittany’s cheerful patients had
a. / experienced damage to their right hemispheres.b. / experienced damage to their left hemispheres.
c. / damaged both frontal lobes.
d. / damaged their cingulate cortices.
52.Some of the most powerful reinforcement effects are obtained through electrical stimulation of the
a. / fornix. / c. / corpus callosum.b. / medial forebrain bundle. / d. / anterior commissure.
53.Gambling and the use of addictive drugs may be rewarding due to activation of the
a. / hypothalamus. / c. / amygdala.b. / nucleus accumbens. / d. / periaqueductal gray.
54.The result of activity in the HPA axis is
a. / activation of the amygdala.b. / reductions in serotonergic activity.
c. / increases in the release of testosterone.
d. / increases in the release of cortisol.
55.Which of the following could not be an accurate statement?
a. / Tom has been hospitalized due to lung cancer that has metastasized to his brain.b. / Tom has been hospitalized due to a glioma that has caused him to have seizures.
c. / Tom has been hospitalized due to a benign tumor that has spread to his liver.
d. / Tom has been hospitalized due to a meningioma that will be removed from his brain tomorrow.
56.Individuals experience violent, rhythmic contractions during
a. / the tonic phase of grand mal seizures.b. / the clonic phase of grand mal seizures.
c. / petit mal seizures.
d. / the Jacksonian march.
57.Inflammation of the brain caused by viruses is known as
a. / neurocysticercosis. / c. / meningitis.b. / encephalitis. / d. / septicaemia.
58.So-called “mad cow disease” is a type of
a. / transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE).b. / encephalitis.
c. / meningitis.
d. / kuru.
59.One likely candidate for a “headache generator” is the
a. / locus coeruleus. / c. / raphe nuclei.b. / substantia nigra. / d. / periaqueductal gray.
60.Most neuropsychologists are
a. / specialists among psychiatrists who have medical doctor (M.D.) degrees.b. / specialists among neurologists who have medical doctor (M.D.) degrees.
c. / clinical psychologists with Ph.D. or Psy.D. degrees who have special training in biological psychology.
d. / masters level psychologists who hold licenses in counseling.
61.Based on research by Banich and her colleagues on recovery following brain damage, we can conclude that
a. / adult brains are more plastic than child brains.b. / child brains are more plastic than adult brains.
c. / adult and child brains are about equally plastic.
d. / neither adult nor child brains show any significant plasticity.
62.Schizophrenia means “split mind” in Greek. To what “split” does this term refer?
a. / the split in personality, characterized by the existence of two or more separate personalities within the same personb. / the patients’ split with reality, or their inability to distinguish real from unreal
c. / the changes that take place as the condition progresses, or a split from the previous person to the person with schizophrenia
d. / a disconnect in the corpus callosum, which does not allow information to be transferred from one hemisphere to the other
63.Compared with healthy controls, people with schizophrenia show evidence of having
a. / abnormally low amounts of dopamine.b. / abnormally high amounts of dopamine.
c. / increased numbers of glutamate receptors in their brains.
d. / reduced numbers of glutamate receptors in their brains.
64.Stress might interact with the development of depressed mood by
a. / leading to a longer and prolonged release of serotonin.b. / leading to a longer and prolonged release of cortisol.
c. / interfering with cortisol reuptake.
d. / reducing the synthesis of serotonin.
65.Depression is correlated with:
a. / relatively normal amounts of sleep time, but less REM than usual.b. / relatively normal amounts of sleep time, but more Stage 3 and Stage 4 non-REM sleep than normal.
c. / reduced amounts of sleep (hyposomnia) in all cases.
d. / both reduced amounts of sleep (hyposomnia) and greater than normal amounts of sleep (hypersomnia).
66.Which of the following correctly summarizes outcome studies of treatment for depression?
a. / Medication is more effective than cognitive-behavioral therapy.b. / Cognitive-behavioral therapy is more effective than medication.
c. / Neither medication nor cognitive-behavioral therapy appear effective.
d. / A combination of cognitive-behavioral therapy and medication is usually most effective.
67.Some studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) suggest that panic attacks result from activity in the
a. / raphe nuclei.b. / basal ganglia and hippocampus.
c. / hippocampus, orbitofrontal cortex, and cingulate cortex.
d. / cerebellum and amygdala.
68.Raine and his colleagues reported that low levels of frontal lobe activity are associated with
a. / all individuals diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder.b. / murderers whose personal background includes abuse and neglect.
c. / murderers whose personal background does NOT include abuse and neglect.
d. / murderers who are normally responsive to environmental stimuli.
True/False
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
69.Santiago Ramón y Cajal is best known for demonstrating that neurons generate electrical signals.
70.The pathways of the brain can be studied using either myelin stains or horseradish peroxidase.
71.Questions about the activity of the brain can be investigated using positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
72.Electroencephalograms (EEG) represent the activity of all cortical neurons, regardless of their distance from any of the recording electrodes.
73.If the concordance rate for a psychological disorder is 60 percent, this means that genetics determine 60 percent of a person’s risk and the environment contributes the other 40 percent.
74.Federal guidelines for using human participants in research apply to all organizations and individuals receiving federal funding, but not private corporations.
75.The parietal lobes are found rostral to the occipital lobes and posterior to the frontal lobes.
76.The arachnoid layer of the meninges is found in both the central and peripheral nervous systems.
77.The reticular formation extends from the medulla through the pons and into the midbrain.
78.Primary auditory cortex is found in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex.