Aztlan Cup II/BUTT I/AWET I
Packet by Fresno State (C. Marklund et al.) & Wake Forest & UC-Berkeley (B. Shapiro)
TOSSUPS
1. As his country’s minister of justice, this man supported the Lerdo Law, and one of this man’s major achievements was to create a treasury surplus in part by discouraging empleomania. Exiled by General Felix Zuloaga, this man was also opposed by Zuloaga’s successor, Miguel Miramon, and his own forces were led by Gonzalez Ortega. A leader of the La Reforma movement together with Melchor Ocampo, this man succeeded Ignacio Comonfort by virtue of being elected at the rump congress in Queretaro, and he set up his capital in Veracruz in 1858 and a year later issued the Law of the Reform. Briefly succeded by Maximilian I, whose forces his general Ignacio Zaragoza defeated at Puebla, and then again by Porfirio Diaz, for ten points, identify this Zapotec Indian, Mexico’s president 1861 to 1863 and 1867 to 1871, whose name is given to the city across the Rio Grande from El Paso.
Answer: Benito Juarez
2.They dig up roots, eat several kinds of herbs, and scratch about for carrion, or sometimes catch weasels and luhimuhs (a sort of wild rat) which they greedily devour. Nature hath taught them to dig deep holes with their nails on the side of a rising ground, wherein they lie by themselves. They swim from their Infancy like Frogs, and are able to continue long under Water, where they often take Fish, which the Females carry home to their Young. Once, when the Sorrel Nag allowed Lemuel Gulliver to bath naked in a river, one of the females of this species, enflamed with desire grabbed him and stood gazing and howling as he redressed. FTP, name this race of brutish, degraded creatures having the form and all the vices of man, who were subject of the equine Houyhnhnms and whose name is now associated with Jerry Yang and David Filo.
Answer: Yahoos
3. One of the people depicted in this work is Aris Kindt, and this painting is frequently compared with a work on a similar subject featuring Sebastian Egbertsz [egg-bertz] by Thomas de Keyzer. A man consulting a notebook looks over the shoulders of the people in front of him in the back center of this painting, while a tome, possibly a treatise by Vesalius, can be seen in the lower-right. A set of rules hangs under the stone archway in the background, while one of the eight men in this painting leans forward, shadowing the face of the deceased as the titular character holds up an arm with his forceps. Depicting a public dissection following a criminal’s execution, for ten points, identify this group portrait which includes the titular doctor, by Rembrandt van Rijn.
Answer: The Anatomy Lesson of Dr. Nicolaes Tulp (accept equivalents)
4. The Meerwein-Ponndorf-Verley one synthesizes acetone as a side product, while the Bouveault-Blanc one produces methanol and a primary alcohol. The Benkeser one, also called the "Nazi method", requires a lithium or calcium catalyst. A palladium-barium sulfate catalyst is necessary for the Rosenmund one, which produces hydrochloric acid and an aldehyde from an acyl chloride and hydrogen. Two hydrogens are added to a phenyl group with one substituent in the Birch one. Hydrazine is converted to nitrogen gas and an ester turned into a CH2 group in a two-step process known as the Wolff-Kishner one. Also occurring in the conversion of NAD+ to NADH and FAD to FADH2, FTP, identify this general type of reaction in which a compound gains electrons.
Answer: reduction
5. The islands of Thasos and Lesbos in the Aegean were for a time occupied by the Gateluzi family, a notable family of this city. Their quarter in Trebizond was known as Leontokastron and their colony in Constantinople was known as Pera. A famous possession of this city was captured by Gedik Ahmet Pasha in 1475, a Black Sea port that was one of the main conduits for the Black Death. Among the notable ruling families of this naval power were the Spinola, Grimaldi, and a family that produced the loser at the battle of Preveza, the Doria family. The long-time rulers of Kaffa, Kerch, and Corsica, FTP, name this Italian seaport in Liguria perhaps best known for being the birthplace of Christopher Columbus.
Answer: Geno(v)a or Zena or Gênes
6. Among his children were Phisadie, a servant of Helen. He shared the same grandfather with Asclepius, and he fathered the attempted kidnapper of Deianeira with the mother of Phrixus and Helle of Golden Fleece fame. Another of his children was the rescuer of Helen, and he was the son of Phlegyas. At Larissa, he pushed his father in law onto a bed of burning coals, as his bride had not come with the money whose payment was incumbent on Deinoeus. He would later come to Olympus, but his lust for Hera led to this to this husband of Dia being struck with a thunderbolt and being condemned to a fiery wheel. FTP, name this progenitor of the Centaurs, a Lapith king of Thessaly.
Answer: Ixion
7. Rumor has it that Radiohead's Thom Yorke once recommended this book to fans at a concert. When we first meet the narrator, he is cooking spaghetti while listening to Rossini's "The Thieving Magpie," but keeps getting interrupted by salacious phonecalls. Events that follow include the loss of a beloved cat, the beginnings of the evil Toru Okada's political career, weird entaglements with two psychic prostitutes, and a terrifying first-hand account of the battle of Nomonhan, all of which lead conclude with the narrator sitting at the bottom of a well, clutching a baseball bat. FTP, name this 1996 novel by Haruki Murakami, named for a bizarre animal the narrator hears every morning.
Answer: The Wind-up Bird Chronicle
8. He came to the team with which he is most associated for $700,000 and left that team in a trade for Jimmy Carson and Martin Gelinas, which led his previous owner Peter Pocklington being burned in effigy. Starting out with the Sault (SOO) Ste. Marie Greyhounds, he played a few games for the Indianapolis Racers before joining a team that he would lead to glory with help from Glenn Anderson, Jari Kurri, and Grant Fuhr. Later playing briefly for St. Louis and retiring with New York, he won five Stanley Cups with Mark Messier in Edmonton. Now embroiled in a scandal involving his wife Janet Jones, this is, FTP, what Coyotes coach and legendary hockey star known as the “Great One.”
Answer: Wayne Gretzky
9. In this language, perfect plurals can only take two cases, whereas most other nouns can take three. It also features a jussive case in which the final vowel marking is dropped, and its passive features a “u” sound attached to the first letter and an “i” or “a” to the second. The future in this language is made by the use of “saufa” or “se” and a present tense verb and negated by a past tense verb and “len.” Its cases are the majrur [MEJ-ROOR], mansub [MEN-SOOB], and marfu’ [MAHR-FOO], and all nouns must have tanween, though in this language’s amiya dialects, they are usually dropped. Also known for its idaafa structures, name this language featuring an abjad and vowel markings called haraket, the official language of countries like Egypt and Oman.
Answer: Arabic or Al-Lughat al-Arabiyya
10. Its variation with time depends on a parameter that is given by one plus this quantity’s derivative with respect to time times its inverse square. It can be determined from the slope of the low-redshift region of the plot of magnitude against redshift, and theoretically it can be obtained from the integration of the first of the Friedmann equations. Since the curvature has recently been found to be zero, this quantity only depends on the density and the cosmological constant, and the WMAP project used the cosmic microwave background to give a recent value of 71 plus or minus 4 kilometers per second per megaparsec for this parameter. For ten points, idenitfy this eponymous astrophysical parameter, the proportionality constant between recessional velocity and distance whose inverse gives the age of the universe.
Answer: Hubble’s constant or parameter
11. This holiday shares many of the same prohibitions as Yom Kippur, but only certain sections of the Torah can be study on this day. In the three-week period leading up to it, Bein ha-M’tsarim, haircuts and buying clothes other than socks are underwear are prohibited, and the period beginning with Rosh Hodesh or “beginning of the month” is a period of mourning. Often preceded by Seder ha-Mafseket, important events such as the declaration of the First Crusade and the expulsion of the Jews from Spain as well as the burning of the first two temples are supposed to have occurred on this most tragic day for the Jews. FTP, name this holiday which falls on a certain day in the second week of a Jewish month.
Answer: Ninth of Av or Tisha B’Av
12. His first song cycle was Ofrahs Lieder, his first opera Der Protagonist, and his first traditional musical comedy, a collaboration with Maxwell Anderson, was Knickerbocker Holiday, for which he wrote the ballad “September Song”. His work with his best-known collaborator includes the ballet Die Sieben Todsünden, written in Paris three years after they first split, and the operas Aufsteig und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny and Die Dreigoschenoper, a socialist adaptation of Gay’s Beggar’s Opera revived by Marc Blitzstein as The Threepenny Opera. FTP, who is this German composer of the song “Mack the Knife”, most famous for his collaborations with Bertolt Brecht?
Answer: Kurt Weill
13. One of its largest cities got its name from Saamis (SAH-AH-UMP-SIN), a type of native headgear, and its home to Cardston, a Mormon town founded by Orson Scott Card’s father. Geographical features of its north include the Caribou and Birch Mountains, and its rivers include the Wabasca and the Peace River. Drumheller is home to a world-renowned paleontology museum, and its main national parks include Wood Buffalo, Banff, and Jasper. Home to Lethbridge and Medicine Hat, FTP, name this Canadian province whose largest cities are Calgary and Edmonton.
Answer: Alberta
14. The majority opinion in this case cited Mugler v. Kansas and Crowley v. Christensen as evidence that the 14th Amendment was not designed to interfere with property and liberty. Allgeyer v. Louisiana was also cited by the majority, delived by Rufus Peckham, from which John Harlan dissented by citing that the determination of harm had been made and that it was not for the courts to ask whether this determination was correct. Three years after this case, David Brewer’s opinion, written for a unanimous majority, distinguished this case from Muller v. Oregon by pointing to “the difference between the sexes,” and this case itself resulted from a fine of $50 to the plaintiff in Oneida County. Famous for Oliver Wendell Holmes’ dissent stating that “the 14th Amendment does not enact Mr. Herbert Spencer’s Social Statics,” for ten points, identify this 1905 Supreme Court case which dealt with the working hours of bakers.
Answer: Lochner v. New York
15. George Briggs and John Haldane showed that its pre-equilibrium step is unnecessary and instead applied steady-state approximation to calculate its constant as the sum of the backward rate and catalytic constants divided by the forward rate constant. Based on Victor Henri's work, its constant is equal to the dissociation constant when the turnover number is small, and also equal to the concentration at which the rate is equal to half the maximum rate. Reciprocal of the Lineweaver-Burk equation, FTP name this equation of enzyme kinetics named for German and Canadian chemists.
Answer: Michaelis-Menten equation or kinetics
16. It sees the domestic interest rate as set by the global one, as set forth in a model of the open economy by Marcus Fleming. It supports the gold standard and emphasizes value over quantity. Criticized by Paul Krugman, it claims lineage to classical economics, and especially Say's law. Described in the book The Way the World Works by Jude Wanniski, who is credited with coining this term, it emphasizes the growth of firms as an incentive as opposed to money supply and monetarism. Blaming stagflation on Keynesian economics, FTP name this economic theory based on the possible increase in tax revenue associated with tax cuts, as codified in the Laffer curve, sometimes called Reagonomics.
Ans: supply-side economics
17. The first major post-Election Day controversy in this election occurred when William Gleason challenged the results of a local election he had lost, leading to a recount in which the votes of an entire precinct were thrown out. Another occurred when one of Oregon’s electors was found to be a postmaster and therefore ineligible to be an elector, and another happened when Colorado didn’t even bother to put the presidential race on its ballot. Yet another started when Joseph P. Bradley joined the committee to decide disputed votes after independent David Davis was elected to the Senate. FTP, identify this controversy-marred election in which, despite winning a majority of the popular vote, Samuel Tilden lost to Rutherford B. Hayes.
Answer: 1876
18. He criticized Fechner’s law and the confusion of duration with extension in his doctoral thesis. He elaborates on the distinction between qualitative and quantitative multiplicities in his most famous work, and emphasized the idea of intuition. Although he had solved a famous problem by Pascal at the age of 18, he chose to study humanities upon entering the Ecole Normale. Author of The Two Sources of Morality and Religion and Matter and Memory, he attacked the Kantian notion of linked space-time, which he viewed as unfaithful to the actual "duration," or la duree, which characterizes conscious experience and free action. FTP name this winner of the 1927 Nobel prize in literature who is best known for philosophical concepts like élan vital, author of Time and Free Will and Creative Evolution.