Supplementary material
Table S1. Construction and operation/maintenance costs of WTP, CWs and biogas system from government inputs
Item / Design capacity (m3 day-1) / Total cost (Million USD) / Unit cost (USD m-3) / Operation/ Maintenance cost (USD m-3) / SourceWTP
Liedu phase I / 30000 / 104.24 / 474 / 0.09 / Liu et al., 2012
Guangzhou / 3300 / 14.24 / 570 / 0.08 / Liu et al., 2012
Zhennan / 13000 / 42.80 / 428 / 0.08 / Liu et al., 2012
Luofang phase I / 13000 / 71.13 / 711 / 0.10 / Liu et al., 2012
Pinghu / 3200 / 16.26 / 678 / 0.08 / Liu et al., 2012
Zhongshan / 13000 / 46.37 / 464 / 0.07 / Liu et al., 2012
Zhaoqing / 7000 / 15.25 / 305 / 0.05 / Liu et al., 2012
Shekou / 4000 / 14.23 / 474 / 0.08 / Liu et al., 2012
CW
Dongying / 100000 / 8.2 / 82 / 0.01 / Zhang et al., 2009
Longdao River / 200 / 0.03 / 146 / 0.01 / Zhang et al., 2009
Dongyang / 2600 / 1.87 / 72 / 0.01 / This study
Biogas system
Chun’an / 80000 / 1.92 / 24 / 0.001 / This study
Table S2. Material andenergy consumptions of the construction and operation/maintenance for WTP, CWs and biogas system
Item / Material and energy consumptionWTP / CW / Biogas
Construction
Construction material
Steel / 1.8 / 0.004 / 0.01
Cement / 163.2 / 31.6 / 7.8
Metal pipe / 0.2 / — / —
Timber/Brick / 0.4 / — / 13.2
Gravel / 100.8 / 57.5 / 14.1
Sand / 312.1 / 80.4 / 23.4
PC liner / — / 7.7 / —
PE pipe / — / 1.7 / —
Geotextile / — / 1.7 / —
Transportation / 15.0 / 10.2 / 2.3
Construction work / 71.2 / 72.0 / 112.6
Operation/maintenance / 513.8 / 21.5 / 96.2
Electricity and fuel / 287.4 / 12.0 / —
Chemical / 220.5 / — / —
Labor / 5.9 / 9.6 / 96.2
Units of construction material are kg per m3wastewater treatment capacity per day, except that of poly carbonate (PC) liner, poly ethylene (PE) pipe, and geotextile, which are MJ per m3wastewater treatment capacity per day since the materials used for these three materials usually are petroleum.Units of transportationand construction work are MJ per m3wastewater treatment capacity per day. Unit of operation & maintenance is MJper m3wastewater treated.
Table S3. Amounts of sewage treatment by all WTPs in Xiaoshan from 2011-2013
Year (thousand tons) / 2011 / 2012 / 2013WTPs
Qianjiang WTP I / 263.66 / 289.95 / 297.84
Qianjiang WTP II / 83.17 / 89.50 / 140.16
Linjiang / 97.54 / 119.46 / 70.45
Daicun / 9.75 / 9.83 / 9.75
Puyang / 2.85 / 2.88 / 2.61
Jinhua / 1.55 / 1.57 / 1.56
Heshang / 2.69 / 2.75 / 2.58
Louta / 2.30 / 2.33 / 2.30
Total sewage treatment / 463.52 / 518.26 / 527.24
Total sewage discharge / 645.90 / 647.09 / 648.24
Sewage treatment/Sewage discharge / 71.76% / 80.10% / 81.33%
Table S4The hydraulic loading, treatment capacity, area and population serviced of CWs in Tonglu County
Monitoring sites / Population / Area (m2) / Capacity (t day-1) / hydraulic loading(L m-2 d-1）
Hengshanbu D / 1363 / 161 / 99 / 618
Gewu B / 1912 / 253 / 140 / 552
Huanxi C / 1998 / 282 / 146 / 517
Donglin B / 4816 / 696 / 352 / 505
Xinmin B / 907 / 138 / 66 / 480
Wucun E / 1626 / 276 / 119 / 430
Zhongmen C / 1004 / 175 / 73 / 419
Longxi C / 1517 / 295 / 111 / 375
Xinfeng G / 823 / 169 / 60 / 355
Fengcun A / 1058 / 220 / 77 / 351
Hongru B / 1480 / 310 / 108 / 348
Yaoshan D / 1126 / 241 / 82 / 341
Houpu D / 1563 / 347 / 114 / 329
Chunjiang F / 1464 / 328 / 107 / 326
Hanban D / 912 / 234 / 67 / 284
Xinsi A / 669 / 173 / 49 / 282
Waifan B / 1753 / 462 / 128 / 277
Shenguan F / 1163 / 329 / 85 / 258
Tanglian B / 1260 / 362 / 92 / 254
Shegncun G / 1403 / 409 / 102 / 250
Jiuling D / 929 / 271 / 68 / 250
Donglin C / 1529 / 449 / 112 / 249
Jinniu A / 137 / 65 / 10 / 154
Jiuxian A / 900 / 478 / 66 / 137
Fuchunjiang A / 67 / 44 / 5 / 111
Eshan A / 487 / 325 / 36 / 109
Table S5Construction summary of the biogas systems in different towns in Chun’an
Towns / Year2005 / 2006 / 2007 / 2008 / 2009 / 2010 / 2011 / 2012 / 2013 / 2014 / Total
Qiandaohu / 7 / 1 / 210 / 94 / 51 / 97 / 39 / 39 / 41 / 28 / 601
Wenchang / 7 / 99 / 126 / 45 / 174 / 46 / 0 / 34 / 23 / 1 / 555
Shilin / 2 / 0 / 20 / 23 / 61 / 0 / 30 / 15 / 4 / 0 / 155
Linqi / 2 / 148 / 68 / 99 / 143 / 20 / 130 / 110 / 14 / 7 / 757
Weiping / 14 / 208 / 234 / 310 / 277 / 220 / 92 / 153 / 28 / 8 / 1544
Jiangjia / 4 / 0 / 121 / 190 / 378 / 335 / 166 / 128 / 30 / 25 / 1377
Zitong / 2 / 143 / 50 / 85 / 96 / 56 / 2 / 78 / 43 / 0 / 555
Fenkou / 104 / 229 / 275 / 354 / 352 / 229 / 231 / 181 / 0 / 11 / 1966
Zhongzhou / 2 / 50 / 25 / 141 / 212 / 94 / 67 / 195 / 0 / 10 / 796
Daye / 2 / 21 / 32 / 52 / 80 / 39 / 40 / 61 / 25 / 0 / 352
Fenglin / 51 / 199 / 204 / 177 / 283 / 146 / 130 / 85 / 7 / 8 / 1290
Lishang / 22 / 0 / 20 / 57 / 53 / 0 / 1 / 87 / 0 / 6 / 246
Jinfeng / 3 / 0 / 62 / 25 / 86 / 30 / 21 / 0 / 16 / 5 / 248
Fuwen / 2 / 54 / 67 / 73 / 63 / 42 / 22 / 21 / 34 / 16 / 394
Zuokou / 4 / 0 / 82 / 63 / 93 / 0 / 60 / 10 / 12 / 24 / 355
Pingmen / 2 / 0 / 51 / 49 / 43 / 61 / 0 / 0 / 14 / 7 / 227
Yaoshan / 0 / 98 / 28 / 141 / 107 / 35 / 21 / 0 / 11 / 0 / 445
Wangbu / 4 / 0 / 110 / 140 / 0 / 30 / 16 / 82 / 7 / 0 / 389
Songcun / 2 / 0 / 61 / 72 / 21 / 25 / 0 / 0 / 14 / 0 / 195
Jiukeng / 0 / 0 / 87 / 19 / 27 / 0 / 9 / 38 / 0 / 1 / 184
Langchuan / 2 / 22 / 70 / 124 / 66 / 47 / 68 / 84 / 44 / 53 / 580
Jieshou / 0 / 28 / 66 / 18 / 58 / 53 / 0 / 0 / 28 / 0 / 251
Anyang / 5 / 38 / 140 / 38 / 86 / 20 / 59 / 7 / 10 / 0 / 403
Total / 0 / 1338 / 2209 / 2389 / 2810 / 1625 / 1204 / 1401 / 375 / 278 / 13871
Fig.S1 Rural pollution and sewage treatment via constructed wetlands (CWs) in Tonglu County. (a) rural pollution derived from sewage discharge; (b) mock-up of CWs; (c) the CWs; (d) plant sampling in the CWs.
Fig.S2 Physical structure and hydrologic flow pattern design for CWs
Fig.S3 The operating principle of biogas system in Chun’an County
Fig.S4 The structure of biogas digester
Reference
Liu, D., X. Wu, J. Chang, B. Gu, Y. Min, Y. Ge, Y. Shi, H. Xue, C. Peng, and J. Wu. 2012. Constructed wetlands as biofuel production systems. Nature Climate Change 2:190-194.
Zhang, D., R. M. Gersberg, and T. S. Keat. 2009. Constructed wetlands in China. Ecological Engineering 35:1367-1378.
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