Chapter 1: Earth Forces Test

Chapter 1: Earth Forces Test

Section A: The Structure of the Earth

1. Describe how the Earth was formed (4 marks)

______

2. Complete the table using the words below (3 marks) 1 x each fully correct layer/row

Layer: / Description
crust
mantle
core

3600km thick 10 to 60km thick 2800km thick two sections (inner and outer)

outer layer central part of the Earth 900-2200oC solid magnesium-iron silicates

up to 5500oC middle layer hottest section mainly solid, molten near top

solid and liquid iron and nickel

two sections (continental and oceanic)

Map 1 Map 2 Map 3

Describe the changes in the Earth’s land masses/continents from 200 million years ago (map 1) to today (map 3). You must use named locations in your answer. (5 marks)

______

4. Describe three pieces of evidence which shows that the continents have moved over time.

(i) ______

______

(ii) ______

______

(iii) ______

______

(3 x 2 = 6 marks)

(a) What type of plate boundary is this? (1 mark)

______

(b) Add these labels to the correct place on the diagram: (3 marks)

oceanic plate; continental plate; mantle; volcano; subduction zone; fold mountains

______

(Section A total = 25 marks)

Section B:
Tectonics – Earthquakes and Tsunamis

(a) Describe and explain the global distribution of earthquakes (map above) (2 marks)

______

(b)

(i) In tectonic terms, what is a fault? (2 marks)

______

(ii) Describe the location of the San Andreas Fault (on the map (a) above) (1 mark)

______

2. Add the correct words in the spaces below: (2 marks)

The ______of an earthquake is the exact point underground where it begins.

______is when the ground behaves like a liquid during an earthquake.

Today, earthquakes are measured using the Mw (moment magnitude) scale – this tells you how

much ______was released.

The shockwaves created by an earthquake are called ______.

3. Why does Haiti suffer from earthquakes (like the one in March 2010)? (2 marks)

______

(a) Describe:

(i) Three short term effects of the Earthquake of 2010 (3 marks)

______

(ii) Two long term effects (2 marks)

______

(b) Explain why Haiti finds it difficult to cope with / respond to natural hazards like these. Use these words in your answer: vulnerable, resources, economy. (3 marks)

______

5. Describe how tsunamis are formed. (2 marks)

______

(a) Which part of Japan was affected by the tsunami of March 2011? (give named locations)
(2 marks)

______

(b) Give three reasons why it killed so many (16,000+) people (3 marks)

(i) ______

(ii) ______

(iii) ______

7. Describe what happened at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power plant, when the tsunami arrived and afterwards. Use these words in your answer: reactor, generator, gas, radioactive, exclusion zone, contamination. (6 marks)

______

(Section B total = 30 marks)

Section C: Tectonics – Volcanic Activity and Mountain Building

1. Study the two diagrams below showing two different types of volcano.

Type: ______Type: ______

(a) Name the type of volcano and label the main features of each diagram (4 marks: 2 x 2)

(b) Explain how and why the two volcanoes are different shapes. (3 marks)

______

2. Explain each of the following:

(i) Extrusive volcanic activity ______

______

(ii) Intrusive volcanic activity ______

______

(iii) igneous rocks ______

______

(iv) sedimentary rocks ______

______

(4 x 1 mark)

3. Complete the table below about living near a volcano. (4 x 1 mark)

Advantages: / Disadvantages:
1. / 1.
2. / 2.

4. Study the photo below. It shows part of Plymouth, the now abandoned former capital of Montserrat. Add your own annotations to explain the damage caused by the eruption of Chances Peak. (3 marks)

5. A pyroclastic flow was responsible for most of the 19 deaths near Chances Peak on Montserrat on 25 June.

(a) What is a pyroclastic flow? (2 marks) ______

______

(b) Why is it so dangerous? (2 marks) ______

______

(c) Explain why people were still living next to the volcano which had been showing signs of activity for some time. (3 marks)

______

(a) Complete the statements about Iceland by adding the correct missing words. (3 x 1 mark)

Iceland is on the ______edge of Europe with the ______Ocean

to the north and ______Ocean to the south.

The country sits on the ______, a

______plate boundary where the Eurasian tectonic plate and

______tectonic plate are moving apart.

Iceland has about ______volcanoes, but only about 10 are ______at any

one time.

(b) Explain how heat from tectonic activity underground is used to produce over 60% of Iceland’s energy. You may present your answer as a flow chart if you prefer. (4 marks)

7. The following questions are about mountain building. Underline the correct answer or answers. NB There may be one or more correct answers. (6 marks)

A. Fold mountains are formed at which types of plate boundaries:

a) constructive

b) collision

c) destructive

d) conservative

B. Which of these is not a range of fold mountains:

a) Alps

b) Rockies

c) Himalayas

d) Vosges

C. The world’s highest mountains today are the Himalayas. How high were they uplifted?

a) 3km

b) 6km

c) 9km

d) 12km

D. The steeper side of a block mountain is called a:

a) scarp

b) horst

c) graben

d) rift

E. Once mountains have been formed they can be:

a) eroded

b) weathered

c) uplifted

d) compressed

e) folded

F. Which of these volcanic cones / mountains formed over a hot spot:

a) Mount Fuji (Japan)

b) Mount Vesuvius (Italy)

c) Kilauea (Hawaii, USA)

d) Mount Everest (Nepal)

8. Write an eye-witness account from the point of view of a survivor or rescue worker who experienced either the earthquake in Haiti in 2010 or the tsunami in Japan in 2011. You will be given credit for using data, place names and other appropriate factual information in your answer. (8 marks)

______

(Section C total = 45 marks)

Section A = 25 marks

Section B = 30 marks

Section C = 45 marks

Total = 100 marks