Supplemental Table 3. Review of Studies of Vocal Affective Processing in Schizophrenia and Its Relationship with AVH

SZ vs. HC
Author / Sample size and features / Subtypes / Method / Results
(Edwards, Pattison, Jackson, & Wales, 2001)40 / 24 HC; 22 FEP SZ; 23 FEP AP; 28 FEP SZ spectrum disorder (a) / N.A. / Behavioral - vocal and facial affect recognition / SZ FEP SZ ≠ HC & AP
(Leitman et al., 2005)35 / 34 HC; 43 SZ/SAD (e) / N.A. / Behavioral - vocal and facial affect recognition / SZ ≠ HC
(Bozikas et al., 2006)39 / 32 HC; 36 SZ (c) / 10 P, 8 U, 18R / Behavioral - vocal affect recognition / SZ ≠ HC
(Matsumoto et al., 2006)130 / 15 HC; 15 SZ (e) / N.A. / Behavioral – vocal affect matching task; musical matching task / SZ ≠ HC; Positive symptoms ↔ impaired vocal affect discrimination
(Leitman et al., 2007)62 / 19 HC; 19 SZ/SAD (e) / N.A. / DTI; Behavioral – vocal affect recognition; pitch perception in common melodies / SZ ≠ HC;
(Sanjuan et al., 2007)118 / 10 HC; 11 SZ AVH (once a day and treatment-resistant) (b) / N.A. / fMRI - vocal affective processing (with emotional words) / SZ ≠ HC
(García-Martí et al., 2008)142 / 19 HC; 18 SZ with AVH(b) / N.A. / Voxel-based morphometry study / AVH ↔ brain structural anomalies
(Leitman et al., 2010)59 / 21 HC; 50 SZ/SAD (e) / N.A. / ERP - auditory processing / SZ ≠ HC
(Nenadic, Smesny, Schlösser, Sauer, & Gaser, 2010)143 / 100 SZ (a) / N.A. / Voxel-based morphometry study / AVH ↔ brain structural anomalies
(Leitman et al., 2011)136 / 28 HC; 23 SZ (a) / N.A. / fMRI - vocal affect recognition / SZ ≠ HC
(Gold et al., 2012)132 / 73 HC; 92 SZ (c) / N.A. / Behavioral – vocal & facial affect recognition; tone discrimination task / SZ ≠ HC
(Jahshan, Wynn, & Green, 2013)137 / 18 HC; 36 SZ (a) / N.A. / Behavioral - vocal affect recognition; ERP - auditory processing / SZ ≠ HC
(Kantrowitz et al., 2013)131 / 41 HC; 41 SZ/SAD (c) / N.A. / Behavioral – emotion recognition in frequency-modulated tones; tone discrimination matching task; vocal affect recognition / SZ ≠ HC
(Pinheiro et al., 2013)41 / 15 HC; 15 SZ (a, c) / N.A. / ERP - vocal affective processing (phrases with/without intelligible semantic content) / SZ ≠ HC
(Tseng et al., 2013)135 / 70 HC; 111 SZ (c) / N.A. / Behavioral – vocal & facial affect recognition / HC ≠ SZ;
Positive symptoms ↔ impaired vocal and facial happiness recognition
(Tucker, Farhall, Thomas, Groot, & Rossell, 2013)133 / 33 HC; 19 First-degree relatives of patients with AVH / N.A. / Behavioral – vocal affect recognition; tone discrimination task / HC ≠ First-degree relatives; Impaired pitch discrimination ↔ AVH proneness
(Dondaine et al., 2014)134 / 23HC; 23SZ (c) / N.A. / Behavioral – intensity ratings (0-100%) of emotional categories in vocal and facial stimuli / SZ ≠ HC;
Positive symptoms ↔ impaired vocal and facial affect recognition
(Pinheiro et al., 2014)38 / 16 HC; 16 SZ (a, c) / N.A. / ERP - vocal affective processing (words with/without intelligible semantic content) / SZ ≠ HC
AVH vs. NAVH
Author / Sample size and features / Subtypes / Method / Results
(Hubl et al., 2004)81 / 13 HC; 13 AVH (current)(d); 13 NAVH (no history) / N.A. / DTI / AVH ≠ NAVH / HC
(Rossell & Boundy, 2005)37 / 26 HC; 20 AVH (current & ≥3score) (a); 20 NAVH (≤1 score) (a) / P; D; / Behavioral - vocal affect recognition (with/without linguistic content) / SZ ≠ HC; AVH ≠ NAVH / HC
(Shea et al., 2007)63 / 31 HC; 38 AVH (past week) (a);
29 NAVH (no history) / N.A. / Behavioral - vocal affect recognition of semantically neutral sentences / AVH ≠ NAVH / HC
(Kang et al., 2009)141 / 28 HC; 14 AVH (once a day, for ≥1 year & ≥3score)(c); 14 NAVH (no current) / N.A. / fMRI - vocal affective processing (laughing and crying sounds) / AVH ≠ NAVH / HC
(Escartí et al., 2010)117 / 31 HC; 27 AVH (once a day and treatment-resistant) (b); 14 NAVH (no history) / N.A. / fMRI - vocal affective processing (with emotional words) / AVH ≠ NAVH / HC
(Alba-ferrara et al., 2013)138 / 16 HC; 15 AVH (current and a ≥3score)(a); 12 NAVH (≤1 score)(a) / N.A. / Behavioral - effects of vocal affect on automatic attention / AVH ≠ NAVH / HC

Note. SZ=schizophrenia; NAVH=without AVH; SAD=schizoaffective disorder; AP=affective psychosis; P=paranoid; U=undifferentiated; D=disorganized; R=Residual; PNOS=psychosis not otherwise specified; SZP=schizophreniform; SZD=Schizoid; FEP= First-episode: N.A. = NON APPLICABLE; AH=auditory hallucinations

a Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms – SAPS (Andreasen, 1984);97b Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales(Haddock et al., 1999);98 c Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale – PANSS(Kay, S R Fiszbein & Opler, 1987);99d Semi-structured interview; e Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale – BPRS (Overall, 1961);100 f Modified version of the Present State Examination(Wing et al., 1990);101 g Topography of Voices Rating Scale(Husting & Hafner, 1990);102 h Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale(Bentall & Slade, 1986);103 i Assessed by case-notes and patients self-report.