Outline:

Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and ReconstructionPart 1: The Coming of War

  1. Chapter 1: American Modernization, 1800-1860
  2. Changes to the Economy (5)
  3. Changes in Transportation
  4. Increased Food Production
  5. American System of Manufactures
  6. Causes of American Modernization (12)
  7. The Modernizing Ethos (Yankee/Puritan/Protestant Work Ethic) (14)
  8. Modernization and Reform (16)
  9. Temperance
  10. Education
  11. Women’s Rights
  12. Anti-Slavery and Abolition
  13. Modernization and Social Tensions (22)
  14. Catholic vs. Protestant Values
  15. The Midwest: Butternuts vs. Yankees
  16. Workers
  17. Political Parties and Modernization (25)
  18. Chapter 2: The Antebellum South
  19. Southern Economy (27)
  20. Some North-South Comparisons
  21. The South as a “Colonial Economy”
  22. Southern Values vs. Economic Change
  23. Slavery in the American South (35)
  24. HerronvolkDeomcracy
  25. The Conditions of Slavery
  26. Slavery and the Work Ethic
  27. Chapter 3: The Ideological Conflict over Slavery
  28. The Antislavery Movement (43)
  29. Abolition vs. Colonization
  30. Militant Abolitionism
  31. The Politics of Abolitionism
  32. Anti-slavery and Modernization (48)
  33. The Free Labor Ideology
  34. The Proslavery Counterattack (51)
  35. From Necessary Evil to Positive Good
  36. The Wage-Slavery Theme
  37. The Cavalier Image (54)
  38. Slavery and National Politics (57)
  39. Chapter 4: Texas, Mexico, and the Compromise of 1850
  40. The Annexation of Texas (59)
  41. Manifest Destiny and the Mexican War (61)
  42. The Wilmont Proviso (65)
  43. Parties Split Along Sectional Lines
  44. The Election of 1848 (68)
  45. The Compromise of 1850 (70)
  46. The Election of 1852 (76)
  47. Chapter 5: Filibusterers, Fugitives, and Nativists
  48. Manifest Destiny and Slavery in the 1850s (79)
  49. Fugitive Slave Law (83)
  50. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850
  51. Free Soilers and Free Blacks (89)
  52. Nativism and the Rise of the Know-Nothings (90)
  53. Chapter 6: Kansas and the Rise of the Republican Party
  54. The Kansas-Nebraska Act (95)
  55. The Rise of the Republican Party (99)
  56. Bleeding Kansas (101)
  57. The Election of 1856 (105)
  58. Chapter 7: The Deepening Crisis, 1857-1859
  59. The Dred Scott Decision (109)
  60. The Lecompton Constitution (114)
  61. The Lincoln-Douglas Debates (117)
  62. Portents of Armageddon, 1858-1859 (119)
  63. Wedges of Sectional Division
  64. The Slave-Trade Controversy
  65. The Rhetoric of Sectional Conflict
  66. Chapter 8: The Critical Years, 1859-1860
  67. John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid (125)
  68. The Democratic Party Breaks in Two (129)
  69. The Republicans Nominate Lincoln (131)
  70. The Campaign (132)
  71. The Outcome (136)
  72. Chapter 9: Secession and the Coming of War
  73. Secession of the Lower South (139)
  74. Secession: Revolution or Counterrevolution? (141)
  75. The Northern Response to Secession (145)
  76. President Buchanan and the Crisis
  77. Proposals for Compromise
  78. Lincoln’s Position
  79. Launching the Confederacy (150)
  80. The Upper South (150)
  81. Lincoln Takes the Helm (152)
  82. Fort Sumter and the End of Peace (153)
  83. Lincoln and Fort Sumter
  84. The Confederates Fire the First Shot

Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and ReconstructionPart 2: The Civil War

  1. Chapter 10: A Brother’s War: The Upper South
  2. The Conflict Takes Shape (163)
  3. The First Clashes (165)
  4. The Eastern Border States: Maryland and Delaware (166)
  5. The Western Border States: Kentucky and Missouri (167)
  6. Kentucky
  7. Missouri
  8. West Virginia (173)
  9. East Tennessee (176)
  10. Chapter 11: Mobilizing for War
  11. Organizing the Armed Forces (179)
  12. Unreadiness for War
  13. Recruitment and Supply
  14. Why They Fought
  15. Army Organization
  16. Leadership and Training
  17. The Navies and the Blockade (192)
  18. The Confederate Navy
  19. The Union Navy
  20. The Blockade
  21. The Monitor and the Merrimack (Virginia)
  22. Results of the Blockade
  23. Chapter 12: The Balance Sheet of War
  24. Manpower and Resources (202)
  25. Confederate Conscription
  26. Confederate Advantages (204)
  27. War Aims and Morale
  28. Geography and Logistics
  29. Confederate Guerrillas (209)
  30. Men and Arms (212)
  31. Cavalry
  32. Artillery
  33. Infantry
  34. The Rifle
  35. Southern and Northern War Production and Supply
  36. Financing the War: The Confederacy (220)
  37. Financing the War: The Union (222)
  38. Creation of Greenbacks
  39. War Bonds
  40. National Banks
  41. Chapter 13: The War at Home and Abroad
  42. The First Battle of Bull Run (227)
  43. McClellan and the Army of the Potomac (232)
  44. Europe and the War (237)
  45. The King Cotton Illusion (238)
  46. The Blockade and Foreign Relations (239)
  47. The Trent Affair (241)
  48. Chapter 14: The Springtime of Northern Hope
  49. Forts Henry and Donelson (244)
  50. The Battle of Shiloh (247)
  51. Retreat and Pursuit After Battle
  52. Other Union Triumphs in the West (251)
  53. The Fall of New Orleans
  54. The Pace of Union Triumph Slows
  55. Chapter 15: Jackson and Lee Strike Back
  56. The Peninsula and Valley Campaigns in Virginia (257)
  57. McClellan’s Advance Toward Richmond
  58. Jackson in the Valley
  59. The Battle of Seven Pines and Accession of Lee
  60. The Seven Days Battles (266)’
  61. Among the Dead and the Living
  62. The Union Army and “Hard War” (272)
  63. The Second Battle of Bull Run (276)
  64. Chapter 16: Slavery and the War: Northern Politics, 1861-1862
  65. War Aims and Politics in the North (284)
  66. Lincoln’s Leadership
  67. The Meaning of Union
  68. The Slavery Issue (287)
  69. The Anti-Slavery Argument
  70. Slavery and the Republican Party
  71. Congress and Slavery
  72. Lincoln and Slavery
  73. The Copperheads (295)
  74. Democrats and Emancipation
  75. The Union Army and Emancipation (298)
  76. Colonization of Freed Slavery (300)
  77. Lincoln’s Circumlocution on Emancipation, August-September 1862
  78. Chapter 17: The First Turning Point: Antietam and Emancipation
  79. The Battle of Antietam (303)
  80. The Confederate Invasion of Kentucky (311)
  81. The Battle of Perryville
  82. The Battles of Iuka and Corinth (315)
  83. The Preliminary Emancipation Proclamation (316)
  84. Lincoln and Civil Liberties (317)
  85. The Elections of 1862 in the North (319)
  86. The Removal of McClellan and Buell from Command (321)
  87. Europe and the War, 1862 (325)
  88. Chapter 18: The Winter of Northern Discontent
  89. The Battle of Fredericksburg (327)
  90. A Crisis of Confidence in the North (330)
  91. The War in the West: The Battle of Stones River (331)
  92. The War in the West: Vicksburg (334)
  93. A Winter of Failures
  94. Success in the Spring
  95. Joe Hooker and the “Finest Army on the Planet” (341)
  96. The Battle of Chancellorsville (343)
  97. Chapter 19: The Second Turning Point: Gettysburg, Vicksburg, and Chattanooga
  98. The Gettysburg Campaign (349)
  99. The Battle of Gettysburg (352)
  100. Aftermath of the Battle
  101. Union Victories in the West (359)
  102. The Fall of Vicksburg and Port Hudson
  103. The Confederate Retreat from Tennessee
  104. The Battle of Chickamauga (362)
  105. The Battles for Chattanooga (365)
  106. The War and Foreign Policy, 1863 (369)
  107. The Laird Rams
  108. Intrigues in Mexico
  109. Chapter 20: War Issues and Politics in 1863
  110. Vallandigham and the Copperhead Drive for Power (374)
  111. Black Men in Blue (374)
  112. Blacks in the Navy
  113. Recruitment of Black Soldiers
  114. Black Soldiers in Combat
  115. Conscription in the North (384)
  116. A Socioeconomic Profile of Civil War Soldiers (386)
  117. Draft Resistance and Riots in the North (388)
  118. Emancipation Confirmed (389)
  119. Political Disaffection Within the Confederacy (391)
  120. Criticism of Jefferson Davis
  121. Habeas Corpus and States’ Rights in the Confederacy (395)
  122. Opposition Leaders (396)
  123. The Disadvantages of No-Party Politics (397)
  124. Chapter 21: Behind the Lines
  125. The War’s Economic Impact on the North (399)
  126. Agriculture
  127. Transportation
  128. Industry
  129. The Civil War and Economic Growth
  130. Nonmilitary Wartime Legislation
  131. Labor and the West
  132. Economic Discontent in the South (408)
  133. Strains in Southern Agriculture
  134. Bread Riots and Hyperinflation
  135. Trading with the Enemy (412)
  136. Disease and Medical Care in the Civil War Armies (416)
  137. Women and Medical Care (422)
  138. Chapter 22: Wartime Reconstruction and Freed People
  139. Emancipation (426)
  140. The Status of Freedpeople (428)
  141. The Question of Land for Freedpeople
  142. Freedmen’s Education
  143. The Government and the Freedpeople
  144. Political Reconstruction (435)
  145. Louisiana
  146. The Wade-Davis Bill
  147. Reconstruction and Presidential Politics (440)
  148. Chapter 23: Military Stalemate, 1864
  149. Union Military Strategy in 1864 (444)
  150. Failure of the Auxiliary Campaigns (446)
  151. The Red River Campaign
  152. The James River and Shenandoah Valley Campaigns
  153. The Wilderness and Spotsylvania (448)
  154. The Battle of the Wilderness
  155. The Battle of Spotsylvania
  156. From Spotsylvania to Cold Harbor (454)
  157. The Shenandoah Valley and Petersburg (456)
  158. The Battle of the Crater
  159. Early’s Raid on Washington
  160. The Atlanta Campaigns, May-July 1864 (463)
  161. Overview of the Campaign
  162. Narrative of the Campaign
  163. Removal of Johnston from Command
  164. The Battles of Atlanta
  165. Chapter 24: The Third Turning Point: The Election of 1864
  166. Peace Feelers (471)
  167. The Democrats Nominate McClellan (475)
  168. Mobile Bay (477)
  169. The Fall of Atlanta (477)
  170. Sheridan in the Valley (478)
  171. The Petersburg Front
  172. The Copperhead Issue in the 1864 Election (481)
  173. The Prisoners of War Issue (485)
  174. The Reelection of Lincoln (492)
  175. Chapter 25: The End of the Confederacy
  176. From Atlanta to the Sea (495)
  177. The Battles of Franklin and Nashville (500)
  178. Adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment (503)
  179. Desertion from the Confederate Armies (504)
  180. The Fall of Fort Fisher and the Failure of Peace Negotiations (505)
  181. Sherman’s March Through the Carolinas (508)
  182. Destruction of Confederate Resources (512)
  183. The Reconstruction Issue in the Winter of 1864-1865 (513)
  184. The Confederate Decision to Arm Slaves (514)
  185. From Petersburg to Appomattox (515)
  186. The Fall of Petersburg and Richmond
  187. The Road to Appomattox
  188. Lee Surrenders
  189. The Assassination of Lincoln and the End of the War (520)
  190. The Martyred President
  191. The End of the War
  192. Demobilization of the Union Armies
  193. The Imprint of War (525)

Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and ReconstructionPart 3: Reconstruction

  1. Chapter 26: The Problems of Peace
  2. The Aftermath of War (533)
  3. The Attitude of Southern Whites
  4. The Attitude of Northern Whites
  5. Presidential Reconstruction, 1865 (538)
  6. Republican Response to Presidential Reconstruction
  7. The Black Suffrage Issue in the North
  8. The Revival of Southern Defiance
  9. Johnson and the South
  10. Land and Labor in the Postwar South (546)
  11. The Issue of Land for the Landless
  12. The “Labor Question” and the Freedmen’s Bureau
  13. The Black Codes
  14. Chapter 27: The Origins of “Radical” Reconstruction
  15. The Making of Another Constitutional Crisis (555)
  16. The Fourteenth Amendment (558)
  17. The Election of 1866 (561)
  18. The Military Reconstruction Acts of 1867 (563)
  19. Limitations of Presidential Power
  20. The Second Military Reconstruction Act
  21. Chapter 28: Reconstruction and the Crisis of Impeachment
  22. Johnson’s Continued Defiance of Congress (569)
  23. The Southern Response to the Reconstruction Acts
  24. The Second Impeachment Effort
  25. The Impeachment and Acquittal of Johnson (575)
  26. The House Votes Impeachment
  27. On Trial Before the Senate
  28. The Supreme Court and Reconstruction (578)
  29. Readmission of Southern States (579)
  30. The Constitutional Conventions
  31. Readmission to Congressional Representation
  32. Chapter 29: The First Grant Administration
  33. The Election of 1868 (585)
  34. The Republican Convention
  35. The Democratic Convention
  36. The Race Issue and the Ku Klux Klan
  37. The Fifteenth Amendment (590)
  38. Grant in the White House (592)
  39. The Alabama Claims
  40. The Santo Domingo Affair
  41. Civil Service Reform (596)
  42. The Roots of Liberal Republicanism
  43. Chapter 30: The Making of the New Regime in the South, 1869-1872
  44. Southern Republicans: Blacks, Carpetbaggers, and Scalawags (601)
  45. Southern Republicans in Power (608)
  46. The Corruption Issue
  47. The Amnesty Question
  48. The Security Dilemmas of the New Regime and the Problem of the Klan (612)
  49. Congressional Legislation Against the Klan
  50. The Election of 1872 (616)
  51. The Liberal Republican Convention
  52. The Campaign
  53. Chapter 31: Social and Economic Reconstruction
  54. Education in the South (623)
  55. The Segregation Issue
  56. The Civil Rights Act of 1875
  57. The New Order in Southern Agriculture (628)
  58. The Evolution of Tenantry
  59. The Ownership of Land
  60. The Crop Lien System
  61. The Poverty of Southern Agriculture
  62. Postwar Commercial and Industrial Developments (634)
  63. Postwar Railroad Development
  64. Anti-Railroad Sentiment
  65. Labor Strife
  66. Chapter 32: The Destruction of Reconstruction
  67. The Overthrow of the New Regime, 1873-1876 (639)
  68. The Coup Attempts in Louisiana
  69. The Wheeler Compromise and the Wavering Commitment of Northern Republicans
  70. The Supreme Court and Reconstruction
  71. Government Scandals
  72. The Election of 1876 (646)
  73. The Disputed Returns
  74. The Compromise of 1877 (649)
  75. The Electoral Commission
  76. Negotiations Behind the Scenes
  77. Chapter 33: The Making of the Solid South
  78. The Persistence of the Southern Question (655)
  79. The Presidential Election of 1880
  80. The Readjuster Movement in Virginia
  81. Ideology and Reality in the New South (660)
  82. The Ideology of the “New South”
  83. The Industries of the New South
  84. Northern Perceptions of the New South
  85. Education in the Post-Reconstruction South
  86. Politics in the Post-Reconstruction South
  87. Other Realities in the Post-Reconstruction South
  88. Farewell to the Bloody Shirt (667)