Imperialism Notes
25 William McKinley
Spanish American War
• Spanish-American War, 1898, brief conflict between ______arising out of ______. It was, to a large degree, brought about by the efforts of U.S. ______.
• William McKinley entered the ______just as the nation was nearing a crisis with ______. Just ninety miles south of Florida, Cuba was still under ______ control despite past American efforts to wrest it away.
• In the 1890s, falling ______ prices led Cuban farmers to rebel against their ______overlords in a bloody ______. Spanish forces tried to crack down on the ______by herding all suspected ______, including children, into ______ camps.
• Americans became aware of the ______in Cuba via ______such as the famous newspapermen William Randolph ______and Joseph ______, who printed sensationalized stories about the events.
• In ______ for readership, each man tried to outdo the other. Hearst, for example, sent painter ______to Cuba with the order, “You furnish the pictures, and ______!” hoping to boost sales with exclusive coverage of the conflict.
• Already agitated by the articles of ______, Americans were outraged by the Dupuy de Lôme ______, which was intercepted and published in______in 1898.
• In the letter, Spanish ______Enrique Dupuy de Lôme ______McKinley as a ______. Inciting even greater ______, though, was the mysterious explosion of the ______in Havana ______a week later, which killed more than 250 ______.
• American investigators ______erroneously that a ______had ______the ship, despite Spain’s insistence that there had been an ______in the ship’s ______. Although history proved Spain ______, Americans rallied under the cry “Remember the Maine!” and ______.
• Although McKinley did ______want to go to ______ with Spain, he feared that if he failed to respond to strong ______for the war, William Jennings Bryan and his “free silver” platform would win the ______.
• McKinley thus requested a ______from Congress in April 1898; Congress consented on the grounds that the ______ people needed to be liberated. To justify this cause, Congress passed the ______, which promised Cuba independence once the ______ had been driven out.
• The resulting ______was quick and decisive and crumbled the ______. Acting against direct orders, ______Theodore Roosevelt, an ardent expansionist, ordered Commodore ______to seize the Spanish-controlled ______ in Asia.
• Dewey defeated the ______in a surprise attack on ______without losing a single man.
• Congress then annexed ______ on the pretext that the navy needed a ______between San Francisco and Asia. While Dewey fought the Spanish at sea, Filipino ______Emilio Aguinaldo led a revolt on land. Although ______ did not participate in the fighting, it did help prevent other ______from defending Spain.
• The U.S. Army, meanwhile, prepared for an______of Cuba with over 20,000 regular and ______. The most famous of the volunteers were the ______, under the command ______, who had left his civilian job to fight the “______.”
• As the Rough Riders’ name implied, they were an assortment of ex-convicts and cowboys mixed with some of Roosevelt’s aristocratic acquaintances. Roosevelt and the Rough Riders helped lead the ______the ______outside the city of Santiago. Cuba eventually fell, prompting ______.
• In the ______that formally ended the war, Spain granted the United States ______, and McKinley graciously agreed to buy the ______ for $20 million.
• The United States did eventually honor the ______and withdrew from ______ in 1902, but not before including the ______in the Cuban constitution, establishing a permanent U.S. military base at ______
Open Door Policy
• Open Door Policy, term that refers to the principle of ______at the end of the 19th century. It is also used to describe policies of equal trading rights in other countries.
• In the late 1800s, the major ______had obtained control of important areas of ______, and it appeared that the country would soon be ______of influence into which other trading nations would have no access.
• The ______was unwilling to compete for territory, but desired access to ______for ______. Accordingly, in 1899 and 1900 U.S. Secretary of State ______negotiated an agreement with ______, ______that guaranteed “equal and impartial trade with all parts of the Chinese Empire” and preservation of “______” integrity.
• The ______agreement remained the basis of U.S. policy toward ______ until the establishment of the ______there in 1949; Japan's violations of it caused friction between that country and the ______before ______.
26 Theodore Roosevelt
Trustbuster
• From 1902 he set about “______” under terms of the ______, ordered the successful antitrust suit against the ______, and led the attack on a number of other large trusts.
• One of Roosevelt’s central beliefs was that the ______ had the right to regulate big ______ to protect the welfare of society. However, this idea was relatively untested. Although Congress had passed the ______, former Presidents had only used it sparingly.
• So when the ______ of Justice filed suit in early 1902 against the Northern Securities Company, it sent shockwaves through the ______.
• The suit alarmed the business community, which had hoped that ______ would follow precedent and maintain a “______” approach to the market ______.
• At issue was the claim that the ______-- a giant railroad combination created by a ______industrialists and financiers led by ______-- violated the ______because it was a monopoly.
• In 1904, the ______ruled in favor of the government and ordered the company ______.
• The high court’s action was a major ______for the ______and put the ______ on notice that although this was a ______ administration, it would not give business free rein to operate without regard for the ______.
• Roosevelt then turned his attention to the ______, in part because the ______(ICC) had notified the administration about abuses within the ______
• In addition, a large segment of the ______supported efforts to regulate the ______because so many people and ______were dependent on them. ______ first achievement in this area was the ______, which ended the practice of railroad companies ______rebates to certain companies.
• The rebates allowed ______to ship goods for much lower rates than smaller ______could obtain. However, the railroads and big companies were able to ______
• When Roosevelt ______this resistance in Congress, he took his case to the ______ making a direct appeal on a speaking tour through the ______.
• He succeeded in pressuring the ______ to approve the legislation. The ______marked one of the first times a ______ appealed directly to the people, using the ______ to help him make his case.
• The passage of the act was considered a ______for Roosevelt and highlighted his ability to ______interests to achieve his goals.
Muckrakers
• ______, name applied to American ______, and ______ who in the first decade of the 20th cent. attempted to expose the abuses of ______and the ______ in politics.
• The term derives from the word muckrake used by President ______in a speech in 1906, in which he agreed with many of the charges of the ______ but asserted that some of their methods were sensational and______.
• He compared them to a character from Bunyan's ______who could look no way but downward with a muckrake in his hands and was interested only in ______.
• The emergence of a ______independent press at around the turn of the century changed the nature of ______in the United States.
• Instead of ______that touted a party line, the national ______ was becoming more independent and more likely to expose ______.
• This era marked the beginning of ______.
• One of the best examples of ______with the muckrakers came after he read ______The ______, which described in lurid detail the ______in the ______-- where rats, putrid meat, and poisoned rat bait were routinely ground up into sausages.
• Roosevelt responded by pushing for the ______and the ______and ______
• Both pieces of ______ endeared him to the public and to those ______s that favored government regulation as a means of achieving ______.
• Roosevelt was the first ______ to use the power of the media to appeal directly to the ______.
• He also knew that the ______ was a good way for him to reach out to the______, bypassing political parties and ______. He used the media as a “______” to influence public opinion.
Square Deal
• Roosevelt believed that the government should use its ______ to help achieve economic and ______. When the country faced an ______shortage in the fall of 1902 because of a strike ______, the President thought he should ______.
• As winter approached and ______were imminent, he started to formulate ideas about how he could use the ______to play a role -- even though he did not have any official authority to ______an end to the strike.
• Roosevelt called both the ______and the ______of labor together at the ______When management refused to ______, he hatched a plan to force the two sides to talk: instead of ______federal troops to break the ______and force the miners back to ______, TR threatened to use troops to seize the ______and run them as a ______
• Faced with Roosevelt’s plan, the ______unions agreed to submit their cases to a ______and abide by its recommendations.
• Roosevelt called the ______of the coal strike a "______," inferring that everyone gained fairly from the ______. That term soon became ______with Roosevelt's domestic program.
• The ______worked to balance competing ______to create a ______for all sides: ______and ______, consumer and business, ______and ______.
• TR recognized that his ______was not perfectly ______because the government needed to ______more actively on behalf of the ______to ensure economic opportunity for all.
• Roosevelt was the first President to name his ______program and the practice soon became ______, with Woodrow Wilson’s ______, Franklin D. Roosevelt’s ______, and Harry S. Truman’s ______.
Panama Canal
• The most spectacular of Roosevelt's ______policy initiatives was the establishment of the ______.
• For years, U.S. ______had dreamed of building a ______between the ______and ______oceans through ______.
• During the war with ______, American ships in the Pacific had to steam around the tip of ______ in two-month voyages to join the U.S. fleet off the coast of ______.
• In 1901, the ______negotiated with ______for the support of an ______-controlled canal that would be constructed either in Nicaragua or through a strip of land -- ______-- owned by ______.
• In a flourish of ______maneuvers, the Senate approved a route through ______, contingent upon ______approval.
• When ______balked at the terms of the agreement, the United States supported a ______with money and a ______, the latter of which prevented ______troops from landing in Panama.
• In 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty with Panama gave the United States perpetual control of the ______for a price of $10 million and an annual payment of $250,000.
• When he visited Panama in 1906 to ______the ______of the canal, Roosevelt became the first U.S. President to ______the ______during his term of office
• The process of building the canal generated advances in U.S. ______and ______skills.
• This project also converted the ______into a major staging area for American ______, making the United States the dominant ______in Central America.
Roosevelt Corollary
• Latin America consumed a fair amount of Roosevelt’s time and energy during his first term as President.
• ______became a focus of his attention in 1902 when ______and Britain sent ships to ______that country’s coastline.
• The ______nations had given loans to ______that the Venezuelan dictator ______to ______.
• Although both ______and ______assured the Americans that they did not have any ______on Venezuela, Roosevelt felt aggrieved by their actions and ______that they agree to ______to resolve the dispute.
• ______(now the Dominican Republic) also encountered problems with European countries.
• Again, European investors had appealed to their governments to ______from a debt-ridden nation ______nation.
• After the ______government appealed to the United States, Roosevelt ordered an American collector to assume control of the ______and collect duties to avoid possible ______military action.
• During the Santo Domingo crisis, ______formulated what became known as the ______to the ______.
• The ______, issued in 1823, stated that the United States would not accept European ______ in the Americas.
• Roosevelt realized that if nations in the ______Hemisphere continued to have ______problems, such as the inability to repay ______, they would become targets of ______To preempt such action and to maintain regional stability, the President drafted his corollary: the United States would ______in any ______country that manifested serious ______problems.
• The corollary announced that the ______would serve as the “______” of the Western Hemisphere, a policy which eventually created much ______in ______.
Big Stick Diplomacy
• ______, a nickname coined by Roosevelt in quoting the old African proverb “Speak ______and carry a ______, and you ______,” was the foreign policy that was later called the Roosevelt Corollary.
• Eventually, the phrase “______” was used in reference to any ______that made negotiations with ______, backed by the possible threat of ______.
Conservation
• Roosevelt was the nation’s first ______President. Everywhere he went, he preached the need to ______woodlands and mountain ranges as places of ______and ______.
• The President wanted the ______to change from ______natural resources to carefully managing them.
• He worked with ______, head of the Forestry Bureau, and Frederick Newell, head of the ______, to revolutionize this area of the U.S. government.
• In 1902, Roosevelt signed the ______, which used money from federal land sales to build ______and irrigation works to promote ______in the arid West.
• After he won reelection in his own right in 1904, Roosevelt felt more empowered to make significant changes in this domain. Working with Pinchot, he moved the ______from the Department of the Interior to the ______of ______.
• This gave the ______, and Pinchot as head of it, more power to achieve its goals.
• Roosevelt used his presidential authority to issue ______to create 150 new ______, increasing the amount of protected land from 42 million acres to 172 million acres.