I.Africa and Slavery

A.Africa and Religion

  1. African religion/spiritualism based on animism and accomplishments in warfare
  2. North African and East African religion based in interpretation of Islam
  3. Small enclaves of Christians existed in Ethiopian, and embedded in mostly Muslim states
  4. Music and drums used for inter-tribal communication, trance/religious expression, and war
  5. Main cities (although in decay) Cairo, Marrakesh, and Timbuktu—as trading centers and religious centers

B.African Settlement Patterns

  1. Settlements mostly tribal, migratory, and decentralized
  2. Intense rivalry among tribes resulted in constant warfare
  3. Political hierarchy based on military conquest, number of wives, fertility, and the capture of POWs, to be used as slaves
  4. No unified language (other than Arabic in Muslim areas) and low literacy
  5. Bedu governed Trans-Saharan region, “Deep” Africa—Serenghetti/jungle

C.Africa and Slavery

  1. Slaves retained basic human rights to property and money, although they could be traded, beaten, and abused
  2. Female slaves used as breeders and wives
  3. Custom limited the accumulation of monetary wealth (including gold and salt)
  4. Inter-African slave trade encouraged to discourage tribal ties, trade, and communication

D.Europe and Slavery

  1. European slave trade sought historical precedent

1.Ancient Greeks used slaves

2.Ancient Rome used slaves

3.Africa used slaves

  1. Long term racial justification—century-long definition of racial distinction and superiority (based on Christianity, “civilization”, economy, and global influence)

1.The European Race

2.The Yellow Race

3.Jews

4.The Black Race

5.Aborigines

  1. European slave trade began in 1450—primarily Portuguese and Spanish
  2. Required African cooperation—bargaining with warlords (guns for slaves)

1.Fueled more inter-African warfare

2.Fueled slave trade

II.European Expansion

A.The Fight for Colonies (a.k.a. The Age of Exploration)

  1. Began in the late 15th/early 16th century
  2. Based in extension of naval technology and protective fortifications off the coast of Africa

1.Started by Spain and Portugal

2.Had colonized Azores and Atlantic Islands

3.Portuguese dominated W. Africa

4.Broke Muslim monopoly on trade to the East and Middle East

  1. Creation of capital (investment) resulted in commerce/tradegenerated more capitalgenerated more commercerequired new markets and raw materialsmore commercemore capital

1.Goal was long-term wealth, national pride, spread civilization and Christianity, fortifications/protection for trade

2.NOT long-term settlement

3.Cristobal Colon opened trade, not colonies

4.Treaty of Tordesillas split Western Hemisphere—giving dominance of North America to Spain

B.Competition for North America

  1. France (French)

1.Purpose for fur trade and settlement

2.Occupies S. Carolina (1563) and Florida (1564)

3.Destroyed by Spanish conquest, centralizing power at St. Augustine

4.Champlain explored and settled Quebec (1608)

5.France later to dominate the North (Canada)

  1. The Netherlands (Dutch)

1.Challenged Portuguese trade (which had begun to decline by the early 17th century

2.Established New Amsterdam/Manhattan and spread throughout New York—Wall St. center for financial transactions

3.Focused on trade, rather than colonies and settlement

4.Established the Dutch East India Company and the Dutch West India Company as corporate trading entities (became middlemen, taking a cut from both sides of transaction)

  1. England (British, English)

1.Late in colonial race—started under the Elizabeth Age/English Renaissance

2.Too many domestic problems (over kingship, family descent, aristocracy, Scotland/Ireland, Catholicism/Protestant Christianity)

  1. English Civil War resulted in disconnection between colonies and throne
  2. Early charters for Virginia Company revoked, replaced by royal charter for direct oversight

3.Early efforts included Roanoke settlement, but lost track of settlement with wars against Spain

4.Defeat of Spanish Armada resulted in growth and extension of navy, protection of merchant ships, and control of the Atlantic

5.Early colonies=abandoned children under Charles I

  1. English Colonies

1.Carolinas

  1. Given to Charles II by Cromwell (under the Restoration) for support during the Civil War
  2. Carolinas later split into two (North and South) by 1712
  3. Economy based on importation of slaves and development of rice as staple crops

2.New York

  1. Won in conquest against the Dutch, remained conservative due to peaceful cohabitation with Dutch
  2. Southern part of NY became New Jersey
  3. Focused on trade, finance, and fur

3.Pennsylvania

  1. Quaker sanctuary under leadership of William Penn
  2. Purchased land from Indians
  3. Became breadbasket of colonies, staple crop: wheat
  4. Remained a tolerant colony

III.Mercantilism and Colonial Expansion

A.The Colonial Mentality

  1. Growth of colonies used for the purpose of raw materials and short term profit
  2. Long term implications for colonies—to have a new market in which to sell manufactured goods
  3. Raw materials shipped to EnglandEngland manufacturersFinished goods sold within EnglandSurplus goods sold back to colonies and others

1.Resulted in resource drain out of the colonies

2.Stymied manufacturing in the colonies

3.Collected financial capital in England and split labor and capital

4.Over-farmed southern colonies—rice and sugar

5.Replaced crops with fast-grow crops: tobacco and indigo

B.The Navigation Act and English Regulation

  1. Forced English monopoly on trade and commerce
  2. Colonies penalized with heavy taxes and tariffs on non-English goods
  3. Enraged colonies for providing goods, but making direct profit

IV.Patriarchy and Power

A.Puritanism and the Family

  1. New England family unit based on male hierarchical orders
  2. Strongly male dominated
  3. Family considered microcosm of the society

1.Father is the head of the family

2.Priest is the head/father of the community

3.Governor is head/father of the colony

4.King is the head/father of the kingdom

  1. The king, like the father, is to be respected and revered (not loved)
  2. Puritanism stressed the role of the male within the family, the community, the church, and society

1.Men could own and transfer property

2.Men could attend church service

3.Men could voice opinions after service

4.Men could leave the house, go to a tavern, drink, and speak

B.Patriarchy and Education

  1. Social and gender roles instilled at birth
  2. Children taught obedience
  3. Male education

1.Considered more active

2.Required more freedom in order to gain practice in participation in church, household activities, and merchant activities

3.Taught Math (for accounting), Languages (for communication and bible—esp. Latin), Science, History, and Oratory

  1. Female Education

1.Regarded as weaker and passive-submissive

2.Required structure and support

3.Less educated (often not at all), although some were taught math and basic letters (to help teach the children)

C.Colonial Law and the Family

  1. The Father as King

1.All power in the colonial family rested with the husband, and transferred to the eldest son (primogeniture customary)

2.In all cases in New England, the husband received custody of the children, were “above the law” (unable to be sued by wife…for ANY REASON), and controlled all financial assets

3.Fathers were expected to provide a dowry for all marriageable daughters

  1. Combined families and networked
  2. Marriage became political network
  3. Equaled local aristocracy

4.Access to local political power rested on being male and with property qualifications

5.Local elite controlled decision making process

6.Public voting (no private ballots) discouraged defiance against traditional norms

D.Political Structure

  1. Political Power

1.Political organization emphasized subordination (and patriarchy—the king is father)

2.Parliament retained/controlled legislative powers, authorized land grants, enforced law and exacted punishment, and supervised all money (revenue, taxation, expenditure)

  1. The Rights of Englishmen

1.All Englishmen were represented equally in Parliament

  1. Colonists, as Englishmen were represented in Parliament
  2. Colonial representation, however, did not reflect the number of colonists or the variety of colonists

2.English rights based on English Common Law, without written/articulated constitution

3.The English Bill of Rights, advocated by Social Contract theorist John Locke, articulated the basic rights of the English citizen

4.All other documents (e.g., The Mayflower Compact) had NO legal status

V.A Changing Relationship

A.Subordination

  1. Colonies, under royal charter, and control of royal governor, was subject to the King
  2. Colonies designed for economic exploitation—to produce goods and raw materials for English industries and factories
  3. All people, under the protection of the English throne (colonists, natives, Englishmen, etc) subject to British law

1.Must abide by trade laws

2.Must pay taxes

3.Must participate in military service

B.Communication Gaps

  1. All communication required trans-Atlantic voyage
  2. Focus of royal attention on immediate British commonwealth and near enemies—The French

C.Complaints

  1. Opposition to England only theoretical, like any other complaint
  2. Most colonists considered themselves loyal to the king
  3. Most colonists, however, disliked Parliamentary interference and interference from royally-appointed governors

VI.England’s “World” Wars

A.The World Wars

1689-97 / King Williams War
1701-13 / Queen Anne's War
1744-48 / King Georges War
1756-1763 / 7 Year's War

B.Competition with France

  1. France begins “Pincher Movement”

1.France attack on Spain in Louisiana

2.France attack on England in Canada (Quebec) and Ohio Valley

3.French focus on controlling the interior, the fertile Ohio Valley, and the waterways

C.World War Scorecard

  1. K. Williams/Queen Anne’s – France 2 / Great Britain 0
  2. King George’s War – France 2 / Great Britain 1
  3. Seven Years War – France 2 / Great Britain 2
  4. England/ Prussia vs. France/Spain/Austria/Russia

D.Peace Settlement 1763

VII.Results

A.Causes

  1. Colonial competition
  2. Control of North America
  3. Competition between absolute rulers
  4. Sustainable/control of economy

B.Effects

  1. France loses territories (Canada  England, Louisiana  England)
  2. Great Britain becomes THE NAVAL POWER
  3. Washington demonstrates leadership
  4. Gravitas (Latin)

C.Unintentional Results

  1. Ben Franklin attempts to unify Albany Congress (1754) “Join or Die”
  2. Colonists do most fighting  suffers most casualties
  3. Britain can lose  is vulnerable
  4. No colonial promotions above captain
  5. No trade – between colonies, with other nations

1.Great Britain – ALWAYS middleman

  1. Proclamation of 1763
  2. Forced to pay 1/3 of the cost

1.King Will’s War -

  1. England v. France
  2. In New England/New York
  3. Natives take prisoner

2.Queen Anne’s War

  1. England – France
  2. Civilians/settlers attacked
  3. England wins Newfoundland, Hudson Bay

3.King George’s War

  1. Dispute over trade
  2. England v. Spain/France
  3. Return taken territory

4.7 Year’s War

  1. French-Indian
  2. Control of continent
  3. Many colonists didn’t want to fight
  4. France surrendered everything but W. Indies sugar territories