Processing Crime Scene Involves Documentation of Conditions and Collection of Physical Evidence

Section 1:1

·  Processing crime scene involves documentation of conditions and collection of physical evidence

a sketch - includes a scale, a key, and a legend (which includes the date, time, location, and temp)

Show how blood, hair, fingerprints, shoeprints can investigator determine what might have happen or exonerate suspects Guidance for the Selection and Use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) in Healthcare Settings presentation, created by the CDC. Whenever completing a lab, students are to follow all proper safety procedures, including wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment, such as safety goggles, gloves, and aprons.

that just because a suspect has the same blood type found at a crime scene does NOT mean that it is their blood. Blood typing is more often used to eliminate suspects.

Original Label: / Clumping with Anti-A Serum: / Clumping w Anti-B Serum:
(Type B) / - / +
(Type AB) / + / +
(Type A) / + / -
(Type O) / - / -

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IrpTqKkgygA. Review video fingerprinting

Clues of time of death: rigor mortis (the stiffening of the muscles that occurs shortly after death), lividity (the pooling of blood), algor mortis (the cooling of the body), clouding of the corneas, evidence of decomposition, and/or drying of the tissues.

Rate of heat loss about 1.5 C/hr including clothing, victim size, and environmental factors such as temp and humidity.

The body core temp can be measured rectally or with a hypodermic probe of the liver or brain, because of their large mass and density.

Glaister Equation: 98.4 – measured rectal temp(in F) = approximate hours since death

Interruption of bloodstain pattern (graph and analysis height vs. blood stain bloodstain pattern can give you info about the possible weapon used and the location of the blood source - point of origin

impact angle of 90°, meaning that the blood dropped directly from above. When a droplet of blood strikes a horizontal surface at 90°, it produces a circular stain.

·  Need to control external variables in experiment need to be controlled

Section 1:2

·  Relationship between DNA genes chromosome

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·  DNA structure

1-2 DNA Structure

The basic structural unit of DNA is called a nucleotide, which is composed of a deoxyribose sugar molecule, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base - A and G both belong to a class of compounds called purines and that C and T belong to a class of compounds called pyrimidines. What do you notice that A and G have in common? What do you notice that C and T have in common?

bonds between paired nucleotides are called hydrogen bonds.

·  Nucleotide structure

·  Restriction enzymes cut DNA and work

DNA extraction - DNA isolation protocol differ for the plant and animal cells?

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). PCR enables scientists to produce millions of copies of a specific

Restriction endonucleases (commonly called restriction enzymes) act as molecular scissors that can cut DNA in specific location.

Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific spots that are nucleotide sequence specific. The enzymes attach to the DNA and “read” the sequence of nucleotides. Once a specific combination or sequence of nucleotides is recognized, the enzyme breaks the covalent bond between the deoxyribose and phosphate molecules. Because the enzymes recognize specific sequences, they can be used to compare large pieces of DNA to determine if the sequences are similar. If the two pieces of DNA are different, then a restriction enzyme may not cut both pieces in the same places. The different cutting pattern will lead to differently-sized products.

the restriction enzyme HaeIII cuts between the base pairs GG │ CC.

Restriction enzymes split DNA into smaller segment based on code electrophesis separate segments based on size which creates a pattern or fingerprint RFLPs, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms, a set of DNA puzzle pieces unique to the individual, to create a pattern called a DNA fingerprint or profiling

Review video over electrophoresis http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/

·  How gel electrophoresis separates DNA fragments/ used to examine DNA differences between individuals

·  Steps in gel electrophoresis and Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs)

Section 1:3

·  Autopsy and official info provided in manner/cause of death

Bibliography / A document showing all the sources used to research information.
Citation / A written reference to a specific work (book, article, dissertation, report, musical composition, etc.) by a particular author or creator which identifies the document in which the work may be found.
Documentation / The act of creating citations to identify resources used in writing a work.

Autopsy Report #1, students should note that there are no signs of physical violence except for the head wound, but there is evidence of a previous break in her arm and in her leg. These are meant to be distractors

·  Professional associated the crime scene investigations

·  Important of confidentiality (scenarios) and protections written into the health Insurance Portability and Accountability act (HIPAA)

Section 2:1

Glucagon / A protein hormone secreted by pancreatic endocrine cells that raises blood glucose levels; an antagonistic hormone to insulin.
Glucose Tolerance Test / A test of the body’s ability to metabolize glucose that involves the administration of a measured dose of glucose to the fasting stomach and the determination of blood glucose levels in the blood or urine at intervals thereafter and that is used especially to detect diabetes usually type 2.
–  Pre-Diabetic
§  100-125mg/dL Fasting Serum Glucose test
–  Fasting indicates no oral intake for 6 hours prior to test
–  Diabetic
§  >125mg/dL for Fasting Serum Glucose Test
–  Fasting indicates no oral intake for 6 hours prior to test
Homeostasis / The maintenance of relatively stable internal physiological conditions (as body temperature or the pH of blood) in higher animals under fluctuating environmental conditions.
Hormone / A product of living cells that circulates in blood and produces a specific, often stimulatory, effect on the activity of cells that are often far from the source of the hormone.
Insulin / A protein hormone secreted by the pancreas by B-Cells of islets of langerhan that is essential for the metabolism of carbohydrates and the regulation of glucose levels in the blood. Activates the Glucose transport proteins
Negative Feedback / A primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable that is being monitored triggers a response that counteracts the initial fluctuation. Normally, it will reduce the output or activity of any organ or system back to its normal range of functioning.
Positive Feedback / Feedback that tends to magnify a process or increase its output. designed to push levels out of normal ranges – usually not done for fear of becoming uncontrollable
Type 1 Diabetes / Diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels.
Type 2 Diabetes / Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body’s inability to compensate with increased insulin production.

·  Insulin – protein regulates transfer of glucose into body cells

What is the relationship between insulin and glucose?

Beta cells in pancreas releases insulin to decrease glucose

This drops the blood glucose levels

If it drops below normal, alpha cells in pancreas secretes glucagon to stimulate release of glycogen which increases blood glucose.

·  Insulin is bound to the insulin receptor on the external surface of the cell

·  The complex of insulin and insulin receptor allows a transport protein designed for glucose to open

·  Glucose that has built up on the outside of the cell undergoes facililated diffusion through the protein to the inside of the cell

·  The process is repeated until enough energy is supplied to the cell.

glucose uptake by muscle and fat cells is regulated by modulating the number of GLUT4 glucose transporters on the surface of cells.

specific protein molecules are referred to as signal molecules because they carry the signal from one cell to another. Once a signal molecule binds to a receptor, multiple events occur within the cell to transfer the message to other parts of the cell and to induce the cell to act on the message

·  Blood glucose level regulated by feedback action between insulin and glucagon

Negative Control / Control group where conditions produce a negative outcome. Negative control groups help identify outside influences which may be present that were not accounted for when the procedure was created.
Positive Control / Group expected to have a positive result, allowing the researcher to show that the experimental set up was capable of producing results.

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·  Interpret blood glucose vs insulin levels graphically

Another test that your physician might do is the Hemoglobin A1c (Hgb A1c). This test gives us a longer term, three month look at average blood sugars.

Less than 5.7% is considered normal.
5.7% to 6.4% is considered prediabetic.
Greater than 6.5% is considered diabetic.

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·  Compare type 1 vs. 2 diabetes

Section 2:2

·  Foods high in carbo, lipids, and proteins

·  Nutritional content to make healthy choices on diet

·  Recognize structure of macromolecules is related to their function in human body

·  Calorimetry to determine energy content of food

·  Demo processes of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis

Section 2:3

·  Diabetes treatment and management interventions

·  Regulation of blood sugar to avoid diabetic emergencies

·  Diagram complications of diabetes on a human body graphic organizer

Section 3:1

·  Components of blood and their functions

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· 

·  anemia is deficiency of red blood cells/hemoglobin

·  Hemocrit – how it is done and interpreted

Compare normal vs. sickle-shaped red blood cells

Sickle cellis a genetic disease, which is caused by a mutation in thenucleotide sequencethat codes for a protein. In this case, sickle cell is caused by one single nucleotide being substituted for another (so, instead of the DNA being AATTGC, it would be AATAGC). The same goes for the RNA it is transcribed into; instead of the RNA molecule being AAUUGC, it would be AAUAGC. At the proteing level, the protein would be misformed. Becauseprotein shapedirectly relates to function, the protein would no longer work. (btw, the DNA/RNA examples are not the real sequence for sickle cell)

Beta-hemoglobin S differs from normal beta-hemoglobin A by a single amino acid. This single substitution makes the hemoglobin more prone to polymerize when oxygen is not bound, thus distorting the shape of the red blood cell into a half-moon or sickle shape as opposed to the normal concave round shape.

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·  Explain how sickle-shaped lead to decrease in oxygen flow

·  Explain life with sickle-cell anemia

Section 3:2

·  Explain how DNA’snucleotide sequence determines amino acid sequence in protein

Proteins

Collagen

·  main structuralproteinof the various

·  making up from 25% to 35% of the whole-body protein content

·  mostly found infibrous tissuessuch as tendons, ligaments and skin

§  provides tendons and ligaments with tensile strength and skin with elasticity

·  also abundant in corneas, cartilage, bones, blood vessels, the gut, and intervertebral discs.

·  Plays role in the human aging process.

§  decrease in production as you grow old thus causing your skin to leather and wrinkle

·  Thefibroblastis the most common cell which creates collagen.

Amylase

·  are proteins secreted by organs in the gastrointestinal tract to help in the process of digestion

·  an enzymethatcatalysesthehydrolysisofstarch and/or carbohydrates intosugars.

·  Digest dead white blood cells (pus).

·  involved in anti-inflammatory reactions

§  skin problems psoriasis, eczema, hives, allergic bug bites, atopic dermatitis, and herpes.

§  lung problems including asthma and emphysema

·  pancreas and salivary gland secrete amylase.

Hemoglobin

·  Large iron bearing protein

·  carry oxygen through the blood stream from the lungs to the tissues

·  returns carbon dioxide back to lungs

·  tetramer made up of four globin molecule

·  two beta globins and two alpha globins.

·  Each globin chain has a heme molecule made of a porphyrin hoop.

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·  Like all proteins, the "blueprint" for hemoglobin exists in DNA

·  four genes that code for the alpha chain.

·  Two other genes code for the beta chain.

·  Made in bone marrow and liver

Insulin

·  small protein

·  a hormone

·  lowers blood sugar

·  regulates the formation of fatty acids in the liver

·  catabolic function in the oxidization of sugars

·  small size and disulfide bonds strength enters bloodstream without losing concentration due to degradation

·  The primary structure of insulin is made from 2 polypeptide chains- subunit A and B connected by 2 disulfide bonds.

·  Due to size it is a ligand for other proteins – insulin receptors

·  Made in pancreas

·  Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans

1. Collagen and elastin are a form of protein made and used in your body. They normally work together in the connective tissues. They are mostly noted for the role they play in the human aging process. Collagen and elastin both decrease in production as you grow old thus causing your skin to leather and wrinkle.

FOOD
GROUP / % OF DAILY DIET / DIGESTED BY
enzyme(proteins) / into
Protein / 20-25 % / Protease
Complex Carbohydrates starches / Made in salivary gland/pancreas / 2. Amylase / Simple sugars
Fat / 20-30 % / Lipase

3. Hemoglobin composed of two protein subunits: alpha and beta.