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REFERENCES FOR TABLE 1:

1.Yu YL, Moseley IF, Pullicino P, McDonald WI. The clinical picture of ectasia of the intracerebral arteries. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 1982;45:29-36

2.Milandre L, Bonnefoi B, Pestre P, Pellissier JF, Grisoli F, Khalil R. [vertebrobasilar arterial dolichoectasia. Complications and prognosis]. Rev Neurol (Paris). 1991;147:714-722

3.Flemming KD, Wiebers DO, Brown RD, Jr., Link MJ, Huston J, 3rd, McClelland RL, et al. The natural history of radiographically defined vertebrobasilar nonsaccular intracranial aneurysms. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2005;20:270-279

4.Pico F, Labreuche J, Gourfinkel-An I, Amarenco P. Basilar artery diameter and 5-year mortality in patients with stroke. Stroke. 2006;37:2342-2347

5.Passero SG, Rossi S. Natural history of vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia. Neurology. 2008;70:66-72

6.- Ubogu, E. E., & Zaidat, O. O. (2004). Vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography and risk of stroke and death: a cohort study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry, 75(1), 22-26.

7.Wolfe T, Ubogu EE, Fernandes-Filho JA, Zaidat OO. Predictors of clinical outcome and mortality in vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia diagnosed by magnetic resonance angiography. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;17:388-393

8.Tanaka M, Sakaguchi M, Miwa K, Okazaki S, Furukado S, Yagita Y, et al. Basilar artery diameter is an independent predictor of incident cardiovascular events. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2013;33:2240-2244

REFERENCES FOR TABLE 2:

1. Pico F, Jacob MP, Labreuche J, Soufir N, Touboul PJ, Benessiano J, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-3 and intracranial arterial dolichoectasia. Ann Neurol. 2010;67:508-515

2. Gasser TC, Ogden RW, Holzapfel GA. Hyperelastic modelling of arterial layers with distributed collagen fibre orientations. J R Soc Interface. 2006;3:15-35

3. Rodbard S. Negative feedback mechanisms in the architecture and function of the connective and cardiovascular tissues. Perspect Biol Med. 1970;13:507-527

4. Nijensohn DE, Saez RJ, Reagan TJ. Clinical significance of basilar artery aneurysms. Neurology. 1974;24:301-305

5. Nakatomi H, Segawa H, Kurata A, Shiokawa Y, Nagata K, Kamiyama H, et al. Clinicopathological study of intracranial fusiform and dolichoectatic aneurysms : Insight on the mechanism of growth. Stroke. 2000;31:896-900

6. Mitsias P, Levine SR. Cerebrovascular complications of fabry's disease. Ann Neurol. 1996;40:8-17

7. Morris SA, Orbach DB, Geva T, Singh MN, Gauvreau K, Lacro RV. Increased vertebral artery tortuosity index is associated with adverse outcomes in children and young adults with connective tissue disorders. Circulation. 2011;124:388-396

8. Schievink WI. Marfan syndrome and intracranial aneurysms. Stroke. 1999;30:2767-2768

9. Beighton P, de Paepe A, Danks D, Finidori G, Gedde-Dahl T, Goodman R, et al. International nosology of heritable disorders of connective tissue, berlin, 1986. Am J Med Genet. 1988;29:581-594

10. Finney LH, Roberts TS, Anderson RE. Giant intracranial aneurysm associated with marfan's syndrome. Case report. J Neurosurg. 1976;45:342-347

11. Maleszewski JJ, Miller DV, Lu J, Dietz HC, Halushka MK. Histopathologic findings in ascending aortas from individuals with loeys-dietz syndrome (lds). Am J Surg Pathol. 2009;33:194-201

12. Loeys BL, Chen J, Neptune ER, Judge DP, Podowski M, Holm T, et al. A syndrome of altered cardiovascular, craniofacial, neurocognitive and skeletal development caused by mutations in tgfbr1 or tgfbr2. Nat Genet. 2005;37:275-281

13. McFarland W, Fuller DE. Mortality in ehlers-danlos syndrome due to spontaneous rupture of large arteries. N Engl J Med. 1964;271:1309-1310

14. De Paepe A, Malfait F. The ehlers-danlos syndrome, a disorder with many faces. Clin Genet. 2012;82:1-11

15. Crowther MA, Lach B, Dunmore PJ, Roach MR. Vascular collagen fibril morphology in type iv ehlers-danlos syndrome. Connective tissue research. 1991;25:209-217

16. Miner ME, Rea GL, Handel S, Bertz J. Trigeminal neuralgia due to dolichoectasia: Angiographic and ct findings in a patient with the eec syndrome. Neuroradiology. 1980;20:163-166

17. Shalom-Feuerstein R, Serror L, Aberdam E, Muller FJ, van Bokhoven H, Wiman KG, et al. Impaired epithelial differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells from ectodermal dysplasia-related patients is rescued by the small compound apr-246/prima-1met. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110:2152-2156

18. Naunheim MR, Walcott BP, Nahed BV, MacRae CA, Levinson JR, Ogilvy CS. Arterial tortuosity syndrome with multiple intracranial aneurysms: A case report. Arch Neurol. 2011;68:369-371

19. Pletcher BA, Fox JE, Boxer RA, Singh S, Blumenthal D, Cohen T, et al. Four sibs with arterial tortuosity: Description and review of the literature. Am J Med Genet. 1996;66:121-128

20. Yamada K, Hayakawa T, Ushio Y, Mitomo M. Cerebral arterial dolichoectasia associated with moyamoya vessels. Surg Neurol. 1985;23:19-24

21. Hojo M, Hoshimaru M, Miyamoto S, Taki W, Nagata I, Asahi M, et al. Role of transforming growth factor-beta1 in the pathogenesis of moyamoya disease. J Neurosurg. 1998;89:623-629

22. Suzui H, Hoshimaru M, Takahashi JA, Kikuchi H, Fukumoto M, Ohta M, et al. Immunohistochemical reactions for fibroblast growth factor receptor in arteries of patients with moyamoya disease. Neurosurgery. 1994;35:20-24; discussion 24-25

23. Yamashita M, Oka K, Tanaka K. Histopathology of the brain vascular network in moyamoya disease. Stroke. 1983;14:50-58

24. Singh S, Bresnan MJ. Menkes kinky-hair syndrome. (trichopoliodystrophy). Low copper levels in the blood, hair, and urine. Am J Dis Child. 1973;125:572-578

25. . !!! INVALID CITATION !!!

26. Royce PM, Camakaris J, Danks DM. Reduced lysyl oxidase activity in skin fibroblasts from patients with menkes' syndrome. Biochem J. 1980;192:579-586

27. Blumenkopf B, Huggins MJ. Tuberous sclerosis and multiple intracranial aneurysms: Case report. Neurosurgery. 1985;17:797-800

28. Boronat S, Shaaya EA, Auladell M, Thiele EA, Caruso P. Intracranial arteriopathy in tuberous sclerosis complex. J Child Neurol. 2013

29. Cao J, Gong L, Guo DC, Mietzsch U, Kuang SQ, Kwartler CS, et al. Thoracic aortic disease in tuberous sclerosis complex: Molecular pathogenesis and potential therapies in tsc2+/- mice. Hum Mol Genet. 2010;19:1908-1920

30. Jarrett ME, Libertiny G, Gould SJ, Morris P. Carotid artery aneurysm in a child with tuberous sclerosis. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 1998;16:80-81

31. Muhonen MG, Godersky JC, VanGilder JC. Cerebral aneurysms associated with neurofibromatosis. Surg Neurol. 1991;36:470-475

32. Bassou D, Darbi A, Atmane M, Jidal M, Elfenni J, Amezyane T, et al. [ectasic diffuse vasculopathy of the cerebral arteries associated with neurofibromatosis type 1]. J Neuroradiol. 2008;35:292-296

33. Papapetropoulos S, Argyriou AA, Guevara A, Sengun C, Mitsi G, Singer C. Hemifacial spasm and pontine compression caused by a giant vertebrobasilar dolichoectasia. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2009;27:413-414

34. Laforet P, Petiot P, Nicolino M, Orlikowski D, Caillaud C, Pellegrini N, et al. Dilative arteriopathy and basilar artery dolichoectasia complicating late-onset pompe disease. Neurology. 2008;70:2063-2066

35. Sacconi S, Bocquet JD, Chanalet S, Tanant V, Salviati L, Desnuelle C. Abnormalities of cerebral arteries are frequent in patients with late-onset pompe disease. J Neurol. 2010;257:1730-1733

36. Raben N, Plotz P, Byrne BJ. Acid alpha-glucosidase deficiency (glycogenosis type ii, pompe disease). Current molecular medicine. 2002;2:145-166

37. Makos MM, McComb RD, Hart MN, Bennett DR. Alpha-glucosidase deficiency and basilar artery aneurysm: Report of a sibship. Ann Neurol. 1987;22:629-633

38. Baccin CE, Krings T, Alvarez H, Ozanne A, Lasjaunias PL. A report of two cases with dolichosegmental intracranial arteries as a new feature of phaces syndrome. Childs Nerv Syst. 2007;23:559-567

39. Drolet BA, Dohil M, Golomb MR, Wells R, Murowski L, Tamburro J, et al. Early stroke and cerebral vasculopathy in children with facial hemangiomas and phace association. Pediatrics. 2006;117:959-964

40. Sathishkumar D, George R, Irodi A, Thomas M. Phaces syndrome with moyamoya vasculopathy - a case report. Dermatology online journal. 2013;19:19271

41. Chad L, Dubinski W, Hawkins C, Pope E, Bernstein S, Chiasson D. Postmortem vascular pathology in phaces syndrome: A case report. Pediatr Dev Pathol. 2012;15:507-510

42. Large defects of the media. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica. 1961;36:68-82

43. Schievink WI, Torres VE, Wiebers DO, Huston J, 3rd. Intracranial arterial dolichoectasia in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1997;8:1298-1303

44. Graf S, Schischma A, Eberhardt KE, Istel R, Stiasny B, Schulze BD. Intracranial aneurysms and dolichoectasia in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2002;17:819-823

45. Gutierrez J, Elkind MS, Petito C, Chung DY, Dwork AJ, Marshall RS. The contribution of hiv infection to intracranial arterial remodeling: A pilot study. Neuropathology. 2012

46. Gutierrez J, Murray J, Jackson T, Larkin T, Dwork AJ, Elkind MS, et al. Hiv-associated brain arterial remodeling is correlated with increased mmp-2 expression: A pilot study. . Stroke. 2013;44:AWP439

47. Gutierrez J, Glenn M, Isaacson RS, Marr AD, Mash D, Petito C. Thinning of the arterial media layer as a possible preclinical stage in hiv vasculopathy: A pilot study. Stroke. 2012;43:1156-1158

48. Gutierrez J, Ortiz G. Hiv/aids patients with hiv vasculopathy and vzv vasculitis: A case series. Clin Neuroradiol. 2011;21:145-151

49. Eugenin EA, Morgello S, Klotman ME, Mosoian A, Lento PA, Berman JW, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infects human arterial smooth muscle cells in vivo and in vitro: Implications for the pathogenesis of hiv-mediated vascular disease. Am J Pathol. 2008;172:1100-1111

50. Nagel MA, Khmeleva N, Choe A, Gutierrez J, Gilden D. Varicella zoster virus (vzv) in cerebral arteries of subjects at high risk for vzv reactivation. J Neurol Sci. 2014

51. Connor MD, Lammie GA, Bell JE, Warlow CP, Simmonds P, Brettle RD. Cerebral infarction in adult aids patients: Observations from the edinburgh hiv autopsy cohort. Stroke. 2000;31:2117-2126