3 | Elfström et al.

Supplemental material

Date 2014-04-21

Elfström, M., Zedrosser, A., Jerina, K., Støen, O-G., Kindberg, J., Budic, L., Jonozovič, M., and Swenson, J.E. Does Despotic Behavior or Food Search explain the Occurrence of Problem Brown Bears in Europe? Journal of Wildlife Management.

APPENDIX 1. Model selection based on Akaike’s Information Criterion (AICc) values (K = number of parameters, wi = AICc weights, and wi cum. = cumulative weights) finding the most parsimonious linear mixed model when fitting the ratio between body mass and paw width against log-transformed proportion (%) of fat in 61 brown bears immobilized in Sweden (2001-2006), with year bear was captured as a random effect (response is log transformed).
Candidate models / K / AICc / ΔAICc / wi / wi cum.
Fat (log.) / 4 / 27.04 / 0.00 / 0.67 / 0.67
Intercept only / 3 / 28.42 / 1.38 / 0.33 / 1.00
APPENDIX 2. Log-transformed ratio between body mass and paw width against log-transformed proportion (%) of fat in 61 brown bears immobilized in Sweden (2001-2006), with year immobilized as a random effect. Variances of random effects are 0.0045 for year captured and 0.0697 for residuals, based on the most parsimonious linear mixed model. We provide Markov Chain Monte Carlo-simulated parameter estimates (βMCMC) and 95% highest posterior density intervals (HPD) with β and standard errors (SE) based on a t-distribution.
Model parameters / β / SE / βMCMC / HPD lower / HPD upper
(Intercept) / 1.331 / 0.327 / 1.350 / 0.656 / 2.036
Fat (log.) / 0.314 / 0.115 / 0.312 / 0.080 / 0.554
APPENDIX 3. Model selection based on Akaike’s Information Criterion (AICc) values (K = number of parameters, wi = AICc weights, and wi cum. = cumulative weights) finding the most parsimonious linear mixed model when fitting age distribution of 1,601 brown bears shot in Slovenia and Sweden (1996-2010), with year shot as random effect (response is log transformed). Status categorizes bears as nonproblem, problem, or shot in self-defense, human density is log transformed, and density of bears is standardized, and ‘:’ represents an interaction term without main effects.
Candidate models / K / AICc / ΔAICc / wi / wi cum.
Sex + status + human density:country / 8 / 3,757.94 / 0.00 / 0.94 / 0.94
Sex + status:human density + country / 8 / 3,763.35 / 5.41 / 0.06 / 1.00
Sex + status + human density:country + bear density:country / 10 / 3,770.76 / 12.82 / 0.00 / 1.00
Sex + status:human density + bear density:country + country / 10 / 3,774.78 / 16.84 / 0.00 / 1.00
Sex + country / 5 / 3,779.04 / 21.10 / 0.00 / 1.00
Intercept only / 3 / 3,848.40 / 90.46 / 0.00 / 1.00
Sex + bear density:country / 6 / 3,862.75 / 104.81 / 0.00 / 1.00