Table S1 Operationalizing production constraints for Scopus queries

Scopus query example for ’High cost of irrigation’
(TITLE-ABS-KEY(india OR pakistan OR bangladesh OR sri_lanka OR nepal OR bhutan OR afghanistan) AND DOCTYPE(ar) AND PUBYEAR > 1996) AND (TITLE(rice) OR KEY(rice)) AND (TITLE(irrigation cost) OR KEY(irrigation cost))
Rice production constraints / Key words used in Scopus queries
Socio economic
Difficult access to sufficient irrigation water / irrigation access
Unavailability of quality seed / seed quality
High cost of irrigation / irrigation cost
Nitrogen fertilizer expensive/in short supply / nitrogen (supply OR cost OR price)
Inadequate farmer knowledge/training / farmer (knowledge OR training)
Insufficient access to agricultural information / information
High price of inputs other than Nitrogen / (inputs OR seed OR herbicide OR pesticide OR rodenticide) AND (price OR cost OR supply)
Abiotic
Drought or intermittent water stress / drought OR water stress
Soil fertility depletion / soil fertility
Nitrogen deficiency / nitrogen
Flooding of low lying fields / flooding
Deficiency or toxicity of micronutrients / micronutrients
Phosphorus unavailability / phosphorus
Soil physical/structural degradation / soil structure
Cyclone/typhoon damage / cyclone OR typhoon
High temperature stress / high temperature OR heat stress
Potassium deficiency / potassium
Low temperature (cold) stress / low temperature OR cold stress
Biotic
Weed competition / weeds
Leaf and stem pests / pest (leaf OR stem) OR stem borer OR case worm OR leaf folder OR rice bug OR (brown OR green) planthopper OR gundhi bug OR rice hispa
Leaf, stem, panicle diseases / disease (leaf OR stem OR panicle) OR blast OR sheath blight OR stunt virus OR brown spot OR stem rot OR BLB
Rodent damage / rodent
Storage pests / storage pest
Root, soil diseases / disease (soil OR root)
Soil insects / soil insect
Management-related
Inadequate water management / water management
Inappropriate/poor nutrient/fertilizer use / fertilizer use
Late planting of crop / planting
Use of low yielding or old variety / seed variety
Poor crop rotations and sequences / crop rotation
Inappropriate/poor insect/disease management / management (insect OR disease)
Field crop establishment difficulties / crop establishment
Inappropriate/poor weed management / weed management
Poor seedling nursery management / nursery

Table S2 Yield losses for South Asian farming systems

Major rice production constraints in South Asia / Yield gap % in South Asian farming systems
Rice-
wheat / Rainfed
mixed / Rice / Highland
mixed / Weighted
Average
Number of stunted children (1000s)* / 28310 / 24547 / 11668 / 5162
Socio economic / 20 / 25 / 22 / 22 / 22.2
Difficult access to sufficient irrigation water / 4 / 6 / 3 / 3 / 4.5
Unavailability of quality seed / 4 / 3 / 4 / 6 / 3.8
High cost of irrigation / 2 / 5 / 4 / 2 / 3.4
Nitrogen fertilizer expensive/in short supply / 5 / 5 / 6 / 3.3
Inadequate farmer knowledge/training / 3 / 4 / 3 / 2.8
Insufficient access to agricultural information / 3 / 3 / 2 / 2.6
High price of inputs other than N / 4 / 3 / 3 / 2.1
Abiotic / 21 / 20 / 26 / 27 / 21.9
Drought or intermittent water stress / 5 / 11 / 4 / 4 / 6.9
Soil fertility depletion / 6 / 4 / 6 / 12 / 5.7
Nitrogen deficiency / 4 / 6 / 7 / 3.1
Flooding of low lying fields / 2 / 4 / 1.5
Deficiency or toxicity of micronutrients / 2 / 1 / 2 / 1.3
Phosphorus unavailability / 2 / 2 / 1.1
Soil physical/structural degradation / 1 / 2 / 0.5
Cyclone/typhoon damage / 3 / 0.5
High temperature stress / 1 / 0.4
Potassium deficiency / 1 / 0.4
Low temperature (cold) stress / 1 / 0.1
Biotic / 19 / 16 / 20 / 20 / 18.2
Weed competition / 6 / 7 / 6 / 9 / 6.6
Leaf and stem pests / 5 / 4 / 5 / 3 / 4.5
Leaf, stem, panicle diseases / 5 / <1 / 5 / 5 / 3.4
Rodent damage / 4 / 2 / 1 / 1.8
Storage pests / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1 / 1.0
Root, soil diseases / 1 / 1 / 1 / 0.9
Soil insects / 1 / 1 / 0.5
Management-related / 23 / 20 / 24 / 15 / 21.5
Inadequate water management / 4 / 9 / 5 / 5 / 6.0
Inappropriate/poor nutrient/fertilizer use / 5 / 3 / 5 / 3 / 4.1
Late planting of crop / 3 / 2 / 4 / 1 / 2.7
Use of low yielding or old variety / 4 / 4 / 4 / 2.6
Poor crop rotations and sequences / 3 / 3 / 1.7
Inappropriate/poor insect/disease management / 4 / 1.6
Field crop establishment difficulties / 3 / 2 / 1.2
Inappropriate/poor weed management / 2 / 2 / 1 / 1.1
Poor seedling nursery management / 1 / 0.4
Total / 82 / 80 / 92 / 85 / 83.8

*Taken from Hyman et al. (2008).