KHALLIKOTE UNIVERSITY, BRAHMAPUR M.Sc . BOTANY (Semester System-CBCS)
Total Marks =2000 Total Credits= 80 2015-2016
SlNo. / Semester/Paper code. / Title of the paper / Total Marks
TE+IA / No. of Credits
FIRST SEMESTER 20 CREDITS (500 MARKS)
1 / CC-101 / Cell Biology / 80+20 / 04
2 / CC-102 / Molecular Biology / 80+20 / 04
3 / CC-103 / Cyto-Genetics I / 80+20 / 04
4 / CC-104 / Cyto-Genetics II / 80+20 / 04
5 / CC-105-P / Practical (CC-101 to CC-104) / 100 / 04
SECOND SEMESTER 20 CREDITS (500 MARKS)
6 / CC-201 / Biology and Diversity of Lower Plants-I / 80+20 / 04
7 / CC-202 / Biology and Diversity of Lower Plants-II / 80+20 / 04
8 / CC-203 / Plant Ecology / 80+20 / 04
9 / CC-204 / Plant Resource Utilization and Conservation / 80+20 / 04
10 / CC-205-P / Practical (CC-201 to CC-204) / 100 / 04
THIRD SEMESTER 20 CREDITS (500 MARKS)
11 / CC-301 / Biology and Diversity of Gymnosperms and Taxonomy / 80+20 / 04
12 / CC-302 / Development and Reproduction in Angiosperms / 80+20 / 04
13 / CE-01 / Enzymology and Stress Biology / 80+20 / 04
14 / CE-02-P / Practical (CC-301 to CC-302 and CE-01) / 100 / 04
15 / AE-01 / Research Methodology / 80+20 / 04
FOURTH SEMESTER 20 CREDITS (500 MARKS)
16 / CC-401 / Metabolism / 80+20 / 04
17 / CC-402 / Biostatistics and Instrumentation / 80+20 / 04
18 / CC-403-P / Practical (CC-401 to CC- 403 and CE-03) / 100 / 04
19 / CE-03 / Biotechnology / 80+20 / 04
20 / CE-04
PROJECT / Project related to Biotechnology / 100 / 04
In semester 1 and 3: Internal Exams. Will be written exams for 20 marks for 100 marks paper. In Semester 2 and 4, IA will be Home Assignment and Students Seminar presentation and viva.
M.Sc.(Botany) FIRST SEMESTER
PAPER –CC-101 CELL BIOLOGY (04 credits) Marks:100 (80+20)
Unit I - The dynamic cell : 20 Marks
Structural organization of the plant cell; Specializedplant cell types; Chemical foundation; Biochemical
energetics; Cell wall: Structure and function;Biogenesis; Growth; Plasma membrane: Structure,
latest models and functions; sites of ATPases; Ioncarriers; Channels and pumps; Receptors;
Unit II - Chloroplast : 20 Marks
Structure: Genome organization; Gene expression;RNA editing; Nucleochloroplastic interactions;
Mitochondria: Structure; Genome organization;Biogenesis; Endoplasmic Reticulum andDictyosomes: Structure and function.
Unit III –Ribosomes:20 marks
Structure and function; Ribosome: Structure; Site ofprotein synthesis; Structure and role of RNA;
Mechanism of translation: Initiation, elongation andtermination; Protein Sorting: Targeting of proteins toorganelles.
Unit IV- Lysosomes and Micro bodies : 20 Marks
Plant Vacuole: Tonoplast membrane, micro bodies and Lysosomes
Transporters; Vacuole as a storage organelle
Plasmodesmata: Structure; role in movement of molecules; Comparison with gap junctions;
Cytoskeleton: Organization and role of microtubules and microfilaments; Motor movements
PAPER-CC-102 MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (04 credits) 100 marks (80+20)
.
Unit I - Nucleus: 20 Marks
Structure; Nuclear pores; Nucleosome organization:DNA: Structures A, B and Z forms; Replication,
damage and repair; Transcription: Promoters andtranscription factors; RNA: RNA splicing, mRNA
transport; Nucleolus: Structure and rRNA biosynthesis.
Unit II- Cell cycle :20 Marks
Mitosos and Meiosis: stages and molecular events
Details of cell cycle; Control mechanisms : Role ofcyclins and cyclin dependant kinases; Cytokinesis:
General mechanism and cell plate formation
Unit-III Techniques in Cell Biology:20marks
Microscopy; Electron microscopy, SEM and TEM, FTIR
Immuno techniques; in situ hybridization to locate transcripts in cell type., measurement of cell death, Comet Assay,
Unit-IV : Molecular Pathogenesis: 20marks
Apoptosis: Mechanism of programmed cell death, Measurement of Cell death
Biology of cancer: A generalized account of biology of cancer, Brief introduction to the life cycle and molecular biology of important pathogens like AIDS, Malaria, Hepatitis, Tuberculosis and Filsria
CC103 CYTO- GENETICS-I (04 credits) Marks: 100(80+20)
Unit I -: Chromosomes 20 Marks
Chromosome structure and packaging ofDNA:Molecular organization of centromere and telomere;
Euchromatin and heterochromatin: Karyotypeanalysis; Banding patterns; Karyotype evolution
Polytene, lamp brush, B and sex chromosomes;Structural alterations in chromosomes: Origin,
meiosis and breeding behaviour of deficiency,duplication, inversion and translocation heterozygote;
Unit-II: Chromatin Organization-I : 20 marks
Breeding behaviour and genetics of structural heterozygote; complex translocation heterozygotes;
Translocation tester tests; Robertsonian translocations; B-A translocations; Haploid andeuploids: Characteristics, origin and production of autopolyploids;Chromosome and chromatidsegregation in autopolyploids; Types, genome constitution and analysis of allopolyploids.
Unit IIIChromatin organization-II: 20marks
Transfer of individual chromosomes and chromosome segments; Methods of detecting alien chromatin; Production, characterization and utility of alien addition and substitution lines.Genetic basis of inbreeding, Exploitation of Hybrid Vigor ,Heterosis
Unit-IV - Aneuploids : 20 Marks
Induction and characterization of trisomics and monosomics; Effect of aneuploidy on phenotype of
plants; Transmission of monosomics and trisomicsand their use in chromosome mapping in diploid and polyploid species; Alien gene transfer throughchromosome manipulation: Transfer of whole genome(Examples from Zea, Arachis and Brassica);
PAPER-CC-104 CYTO-GENEITCS-II (04 credits) Marks: 100(80+20)
Unit I - Genetics of prokaryotesand eukaryotic organelles : 20Marks
Mapping the bacteriophage genome; Geneticrecombination in phage; Genetic transformation,
conjugation and transduction in bacteria; Genetics ofmitochondria and chloroplasts; Cytoplasmic malesterility: Gene structure and expression: Genetic finestructure; cis-trans test; fine structure analysis of
eukaryotes; introns and their significance; Regulationof gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Unit II - Genetic recombination : 20 Marks
Recombination: Independent assortment and crossingover; Molecular mechanism of recombination; Roleof RecA.B,C,D enzymes: site specific recombination;Genetic, physical and restriction mapping :Chromosome mapping; Linkage groups; Physicalmapping of genes on chromosomes; Geneticmarkers; Construction of molecular maps; Correlationof genetic and physical maps; Somatic cell genetics , analternative approach to gene mapping; Restrictionmapping: General idea.
Unit III : Mutations : 20 Marks
Spontaneous and induced mutations: Physical andchemical mutagens; Molecular basis of gene
mutations: Transposable elements in prokaryotes andeukaryotes; Mutations induced by transposons; Site-directed mutagenesis; Cancer: Initiation of cancer at\cellular level; protooncogenes and oncogene
Unit-IV MOLECULAR CYTOGENETICS:20 marks
Molecular cytogenetics: Nuclear DNA content: C valueparadox: Multigene families and their evolution Chromosome microdissection and micro cloning ,flow cytometry, Application of confocal microscopy in karyotype analysis
PAPER CC-105 PRACTICALS Marks : 100 Practical of Paper CC-101to-104.
M.Sc.(Botany) SECOND SEMESTER
PAPERCC-201BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF LOWER PLANTS: I Marks:100 (80+20)
Unit I –Bacteria and Virus : 20 Marks
General account Eubacteria: Ultrastructure; Nutritionand reproduction; Biology and economic importance;Cyanobacteria: Salient feature and biologicalimportance; Viruses: Characteristics, ultrastruture,chemical nature, replication and transmission;economic importance; Phytoplasma: Generalcharacteristics and role in causing plant diseases.
Unit II – Phycology-I : 20 Marks
Algae in diversified habitats (terrestrial, freshwater andmarine); Thallus organization; Cell ultrastructure;Reproduction (Vegetative, Asexual and Sexual);Criteria for classification of algae; Pigments; Reservefood; Flagella;
Unit-III Phycology-II 20 marks
Salient features of Protochlorophyta,Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Xanthophyta, Bacillariophyta,Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta; Algal blooms; Algalbiofertilizers;Algae as food, feed and its uses in industry.
Unit IV– Mycology-I : 20 Marks
General characters of fungi; Substrate relationship infungi; Cell ultrastructure; Unicellular and multicellularorganisation; Cell wall composition; Nutrition;Reproduction (Vegetative, Asexual and sexual);Heterothallism; Heterokaryosis: Parasexuality; Recenttrends in classification agents.
PAPER CC-202 BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF LOWER PLANTS: II Marks :100 (80+20)
(04 Credits)
Unit-I : Mycology-II 20 marks
General account of Mastigomycotina, Zygomycotina, Ascomycotina, Basidiomycotina, Deuteromycotina; Fungi in industry, medicine and as food; Fungal disease in plants and humans; Mycorryzae; Fungi as bio control agent
Unit II - Bryophyta : 20 Marks
General classification, morphology. structure,reproduction and life history; Distribution and general
account of Marchantiales. Jungermaniales,Anthocerotales, Sphagnales, Funariales andPoIytricales: Economic and ecological importance.
Unit III - Pteridophyta -I: 20 Marks
General classification: Morphology, anatomy andreproduction; Evolution of stele; Heterospory and originof seed habit;
Unit IV- Pteridophyta – II: 20 Marks
General account of fossil pteridophyta; Introduction to Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida .
General Classification ,Morphology ,anatomy and reproduction of genera related to Psilopsida, Lycopsida, Sphenopsida and Pteropsida .
PAPER CC-203 PLANT ECOLOGY (04 credits) Marks : 100 (80+20)
Unit I - Ecosystem organization: 20 Marks
Structure and functions; Primary Production: Methodsof measurement. Controlling factors: Energy dynamics:trophic organization, energy flow pathways. Ecologicalefficiencies: mechanism of litter decomposition: Global biogeochemical cycles carbon. Nitrogen, phosphorusand sulphur:
Unit II - Vegetation organization:20 Marks
Concepts of community and continuum; Analytical andsynthetic characters of a community; Communitycoefficients; Interspecific associations; Ordination;Concept of ecological niche Vegetation development;Cyclic and non-cyclic temporal changes;; floristic composition; Facilitation, tolerance and inhibitionmodels, Changes in ecosystem properties duringsuccession: Majorbiomes and vegetations of the world
Unit III - Pollution:20 Marks
Kinds, sources and quality parameters of air waterand soil pollution; Effects of pollutants on plants andecosystems; Climatic changes: Greenhouse gases;Ozone layer and ozone hole; Consequences ofclimatic change (CO2 utilization, global warming, sealevel rise, UV radiation)
Unit-IV : Conservation of Biodiversity: 20 marks
Biological Diversity : Concept; IUCN categories of threat; Distribution and global patterns; Terrestrial biodiversity hot spots; Inventory; World centres of primary diversity of domesticated plants: The Indo-Burmese Plant Introductions and Secondary centres.
Paper CC-204; PLANT RESOURCEUTILIZATION AND CONSERVATIONMarks100 (80+20)
Unit I - Economic Botany : 20 Marks
Origin, evolution, botany, cultivation and uses ofimportant food, forage, fodder, fibre, vegetable, fruit.
oil yielding and medicinal plants; Important fire woodand timber yielding plants like bamboos, rattans;
Plants used for paper making, gums, tannins, dyesand resins; Plants used as avenue trees for shade,
pollution control and aesthetics
Unit- II Ecosystem Development : 20marks
Mechanism of ecological succession: Initial and relay
Ecosystem stability: concept: Resistance and resilience: Natural and anthropogenic ecological perturbations and their impact on ecosystem; Environmental impact assessment; Ecosystem restoration:
Unit III - Principles of conservation : 20 Marks
Extinctions; Environmental status of plants based onInternational Union for Conservation of Nature: in situconservation: Concept; International efforts and Indianinitiative: Protected areas in India: Sanctuaries.National Parks, Biosphere reserves, wetlands.Mangroves, and Coral reefs for conservation of wildbiodiversity; ex situ conservation: Principles andpractices; Botanical gardens;
Unit-IV : Conservation Strategies :20 marks
Field gene banks: Seedbanks; in vitro repositories; Cryobanks; Generalaccount of the activities of Botanical Survey of India(BSI); National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources(NBPGR): Indian Council of Agricultural Research(ICAR); Council of Scientific and Industrial Research(CSIR); Department of Biotechnology (DBT) forconservation, Non-formal conservation efforts.
PAPER –CC-205 PRACTICAL Marks : 100 Practical of Paper 201 to 204
M.Sc.(Botany) THIRD SEMESTER
PAPER 301 BIOLOGY AND DIVERSITY OF GYMNOSPERMS and TAXONOMY,(04Credits)
Marks:100(80+20)
Unit I - Gymnosperms I : 20 Marks
Classification of gymnosperms and their distributionin India; General account of Gymnosperm orders
Pteridospermales (Lyginopteridaceae, Medullosaceae,Caytoniaceae and Glossopteridaceae),
Cycadeoideales, Cordaitales
Unit II - Gymnosperms II :20 Marks
Structure and reproduction in Cycadales, Ginkgoales,Coniferales, Ephedrales, Welwitschiales and
Gnetales
Unit III - Taxonomy -I: 20 Marks
The species concept : Taxonomic hierarchy; species,genus, family and other categories; principles usedin assessing relationship; delimitation of taxa andattribution of rank; Salient features of InternationalCode of Botanical Nomenclature
Unit-IV: Taxonomy-II : 20marks
Taxonomic evidenceand tools: Anatomical, palynological, histological,cytological, phytochemical, molecular and genomictechniques as evidences and tools for solvingtaxonomic problems; phenetic vs phylogenetic systemof classifications with special emphasis on Taktajanand Cronquist systems of classification
PAPER-302 DEVELOPMENT ANDREPRODUCTION IN ANGIOSPERMS(04 credits)
Marks 100(80+20)
Unit I –Development-I:20 Marks
Shoot development : Organization of the shoot apicalmeristem (SAM); Cytological and molecular analysisof SAM; Control of cell division and cell to cellcommunication; Control of tissue differentiation; Leafgrowth and differentiation: Determination; phyllotaxy;control of leaf form; differentiation of epidermis andmesophyll; Root development: Organization of rootapical meristem (RAM), cell fates and lineages;vascular tissue differentiation; lateral-roots; root hairs;root-microbe interactions
Unit II–Reproduction:20 Marks
Floral organ differentiation in Arabidipsis,Microsporegensis, Male gametophyte, Megasporegensis, Female Gametophyte, Ovule development, Megasporegensis,Embryo Sac, Double Fertilization, Endosperm and embryo development
Flower development and genetics : Floral organ differentiation in Arabidopsis; Male gametophyte:
Microsporogenesis; pollen development and gene expression; Male sterility; Sperm dimorphism; Female gametophyte: Ovule development, megasporogenesis, organization of embryo sac; Pollination,
Unit-III Seed Dormancy 20 marks
Dormancy :Importance and types of dormancy; seed dormancy; overcoming seed dormancy; bud dormancy; Plant growth regulators and elicitors: Physiological effectsand mechanism of action of auxins, gibberellins,cytokinins, ethylene, abscisic acid, brassino steroid polyamines, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid
Unit-IV : Pollen –Pistil Interaction: 20 marks
Pollen-pistil interaction; and Fertilization: Structure ofpistil; Pollen-stigma interactions; Cytological,
biochemical and molecular aspects of sporophytic andgametophytic incompatibility; Double fetrtilization;Endosperm and embryo development: Generalfeatures; Ultra-structure, nuclear cytology and celllineage during embryo development
PAPER CE-01 Enzymologyand Stress Biology(04Credits) Marks : 100 (80+20)
Unit I - Energy Flow and Enzymology 20 Marks
Energy flow : Principles of thermodynamics; freeenergy and chemical potential; redox reactions;
structure and function of ATP; Enzymology: Generalaspects; allosteric mechanism; regulatory and activesites; mechanism of enzyme action ( chymotrypsinas an example); isozymes; kinetics of enzymaticcatalysis; Michaelis-Menten equation and itssignificance; Lineweaver-Burk equation; Enzymeinhibition and kinetics;
Unit-II Signal Transduction20 marks
Signal transduction: Overview;receptors and G proteins; phospholipid signaling; roleof cyclic nucleotides; calcium-calmodulin cascade;diversity in protein kinases and phosphatases;specific signaling mechanisms (two componentsensory regulatory system in bacteria and plants;sucrose- sensing mechanism) Physiology of stress: Plant response to biotic and abiotic stress mechanism of biotic and abiotic stress tolerance; HR and SAR; water deficit and drought resistance; salinity stress; metal toxicity; freezing and heat stress; oxidative stress
Unit III –Water Relation and physiology of Growth:20Marks
Mechanism of water absorption;Ascent of sap: Mechanism of water transport through
xylem; Transpiration: Stomatal mechanism Phloem loading andunloading; mechanism of transport of photosynthate
Seed germination and seedling growth : Metabolism of nucleic acids and proteins and mobilization of food reserves during germination; hormonal control of seedling growth; gene expression; use of mutants in understanding seedling development
Unit- IV : Sensory Photobiology- 20 marks
History of discovery of phytochromes and cryptochromes and their photochemical and biochemical
properties; photo physiology of light-induced responses; molecular mechanism of action of photomorphogenic receptors, signaling and gene expressionPhotoperiodism and its significance; endogenousclock and its regulation; floral induction and development -genetic and molecular analysis; role ofvernalization: Physiology of senescence: Types of senescence; metabolic changes associated withsenescence and its regulation; influence of hormones and environmental factors on senescence
PAPER CE-2 PRACTICAL Marks : 100 Practical of Paper CC-301toCC-302 and CE-1
PAPER AE-01 RESEARCH METHODO LOGY (04 CREDITS) Marks: 100 (80+20)
Unit-I Ecological Methods:20 marks
Bomb Calorimetry, Determination of Energy Content of Plant Materials
General Methods for Physical and chemical Analysis of Soil.
Chlorophyll and Leaf area determination of Plant Communities
Dose Response and determination of threshold Values: EC 50, EC100 and TLC
Unit-II Microbial Methods 20 marks:
Preparation of Solid and Liquid Media for Algae, Fungi and bacteria, Mass Culture Techniques and application
Data Analysis: ANOVA, Chi-square Test, Simple Correlation and Regression Analysis
Unit-III Biochemical Methods:20 marks
Purification and identification of biomolecules by Chromatography
Spectrometric analysis of Biomolecules : Plant pigments, Carbohydrates, proteins, Nucleic Acids and Enzymes
Unit-IV Research paper writing and presentation:20 marks
Structuring and writing a research paper (Review of literature, title, introduction, materials and methods, results and discussions and Citing References)
Choice of Journals and publishers in plant sciences, Journal Impact factor, Searching Literature
M.Sc.(Botany) FOURTH SEMESTER
PAPER CC-401 METABOLISM 04 credits Marks : 100 (80+20)
Unit I - Photosynthesis : 20 Marks
Photosynthesis : General aspects and historicalbackground; evolution of photosynthetic apparatus;
photosynthetic pigments and light harvestingcomplexes; photo oxidation of water; mechanism of
electron and proton transport; carbon assimilation;Calvin cycle; photorespiration and its significance; theC4 cycle; the CAM pathway; biosynthesis of starchand sucrose;
Unit-II Respiration 20 marks
Respiration : Overview of plant respiration; glycolysis; TCA cycle; electron transport, cytochrome system and ATP synthesis, Redox potential ; pentose phosphate pathway;glyoxalate cycle.
Energy budget of Respiration
Unit III - Lipid, and Sulphur Metabolism :20 Marks
Lipid metabolism : Structure and function of lipids; fattyacid biosynthesis; synthesis of membrane lipids,structural lipids and storage lipids; catabolism oflipids;;Sulphur metabolism: Sulfate uptake, transport andassimilation.
Unit- IV Nitrogen Metabolism 20 marks
Nitrogen of metabolism: Types of Nitrogen fixation, Biological nitrogen fixation; nodule formation and nod factors; mechanism of nitrate uptake and reduction; ammonium uptake, Nitrogen fixation by BGA and other plants
Paper CC-402 Biostatistics andInstrumentation 04 credits 100(80+20 marks)
Unit I - Biostatistics I : 20 Marks
General concepts; Frequency distribution : Bargraphs, histograms, polygons, curves; Central
tendency: Mean, mode and median; Dispersion: Mean deviation, variance; standard deviation, Concept of probability: Addition and multiplicative theorems of probability; conditional probability; Theoreticaldistributions: Normal, Binomial and Poisson distribution
Unit II - Biostatistics II : 20 Marks
Estimation : Types of estimation; confidence interval land level of confidence Hypothesis testing : Test of significance; standard error of mean; t-Test: tdistribution,student t-test and paired t-test; Chi square
test: Chi square distribution and Chi square test forGoodness of fit; F -test: F -statistic and analysis of
variance; Non-parametric test: General idea.
Unit III - Instrumentation : 20 Marks
Centrifugation: Principles of .centrifugation; normal,ultra, refrigerated, differential, density gradient
methods of centrifugation;;
Chromatography: General principles; paper, thin layer,adsorption, ion exchange, affinity, gel filtration
techniques; GLC and HPLC;
Electrophoresis :General principles; paper, starch gel, cellulose
acetate, polyacrylamide, SDS polyacrylamide andagarose electrophoresis; isoelectric focusing;
electroblotting; elctroelution; idea on tube gel, slab gel,gradient gel, 2D and immuno electrophoresis.
Unit-IV Physical techniques :20 marks