Quantum Electronics
Lecturer: Sergei Yakovenko
9th semester
Lectures: 34 hours; laboratory exercises: 17 hours; practical classes: 17 hours
1. THE GOALS AND TASKS OF STUDYING THE DISCIPLINE, ITS PLACE IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
1.1.The goal of studying the discipline.
Getting of:
- Therepresentation onphysical bases of working of thelasers.
- Theknowledge onconstruction and principles of workingof different types of thelasers.
- Anability to computeand estimatethelaserparameters.
- Theexperience of using, applying lasers in science and technique.
1.2.Tasks of studying the discipline
(Whatkind of means and toolsare used in the framework of giventime for the discipline for achieving the goal).
1.3.Enumeration of the disciplines and sections, knowledge ofwhich is demanded for studying the discipline:
Generalphysics: Optics, electrodynamics, molecular physics, atomic physics
Chemistry
Electronics
- THE CONTENT OF THE DISCIPLINE
2.1. The names of the themes, and content
2.1.1 The history of the creation of quantum electronics. Principles of action of quantum amplifiers and generators:History of thecreation of quantum electronics. Quantum nature of thelight, induced radiation, bosons. Einstein, Dirac. First maser, radio and optics. Radiospectrometry. Tauns, Prokhorov, Basov. The methodofthreelevels. Propositionofthe openresonator. Firstlasers. Principlesofactionofthequantumamplifiers andgenerators. Stimulatedradiation. Spontaneousandforcedradiation. Einstein coefficients. Dipoletransitions. selection rules. The notion ofactivemedium. Thewaysofgettingtheinversedpopulation. Polarization and synchronization of theforced radiation.
2.1.2. The width of the quantum transitions line.Monochromaticity and coherence (general information). Uncertainty relation energy – time, natural lifetime, the width of the spontaneous radiationspectrum. Lorentz form of theline. The probability of inducedtransitionsformonochromatic radiation. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous spreading. Gauss form of theline for Doppler spreading.
2.1.3. Amplification.Absorptionandamplification. Activemedium. Absorption cross-section. Saturation effect. Density of the energy flow forthe saturating radiation. Impulse mode, saturation energy.
2.1.4. Generation. Amplificationandgeneration. Pass band of theamplifierof the running wave. The noiseofthequantumamplifier. Maximaloutputpower. Impulse mode, maximal output power, impulse shape changeduringthenon-linear amplification.
2.1.5. Openresonators.Open resonator, its q-factor. Regeneration of the resonator duringtheamplification. Transferringresonatoramplifier. Reflectingamplifier. The conditions of self-generation. Resonance conditions. The frequency of generation. Maximaloutput power.
2.1.6. Gaussianbeams. Confocalresonator. Distribution of the field. Gaussianbeams. Thesizeofthepatch. Divergenceoftheradiation. Radiusofthecurvatureofthewavefront. Transformationofthegaussianbeamsbyalens. Harmonizationoftheresonator modes. Focusingof thegaussianbeams. Longitudinalandtransversalsizesof thefocalregion.
2.1.7. Stabilityof theresonators.Stability of thelens light guides. The light guide with identicallenses. Light guide withthealternating lenses of two different focaldistance. The condition of stability, thediagram ofstability. Equivalence of thelens light guide and theopenresonator. Types of thestableresonators. Selection of thetransversal modesbyadiaphragm.
2.1.8. The synchrotron radiation.Lasers on thefree electrons.
2.1.9. Survey of the lasers. Gaseous lasers. Ionic lasers. СО2 – lasers. Chemical lasers. Semi-conductor lasers.
Laboratory exercises
Studying light polarization. Measuring laser radiation energy. Laser spectroscopy. Light
input devices in optical fiber communication.
Practical classes
Laser functioning principle; pumping scheme. Radiation interaction with matter.
Pumping processes. Passive optical resonators. Continuous and non-stationary modes of laser
operation. Laser beam properties. Laser types.