Outlines for a History of the Modern World 9Th Edition s1

AP Euro 2007-08

LMHS Montaigne

Outlines for “A History of the Modern World” 9th Edition

Palmer, Colton, and Kramer

2.5: The High Middle Ages: The Church

1. Introduction

a.  Modern forms of society challenge cultures to reexamine their religious base

i.  Hindus, “Confuciusers” (Confucians?), Saudi Arabian Muslims each must adapt their religious beliefs (Koran) with non religious elements of the modern world (technology, science, industrialization, military, economic power)

b.  secularization allows the adaptation of modern economic, political and other non-religious activities outside religion

i.  Latin Christendom was the first of the world’s major civilization to become secularized

1.  Much of the world is following Europe’s lead and traditional cultures are becoming more secular

c.  Challenges from without

i.  Plague

ii. Mongol empire 1240 A.D.

1.  held Russia for 200 years

iii.  Ottoman Turks

1.  took Constantinople in 1453

2.  defeated the Serbian kingdom at battle of Kosovo in 1389 and took over Balkans

d.  Challenges from within

i.  Competing sects within Christianity

ii. Changing values of a modern civilization

1.  government, law, philosophy, science, arts, economic activity were pursued with less regard to religion

2.  power, beauty, wealth, knowledge, science were good in and of themselves

Section 5 Disasters of the Fourteenth Century

a.  The Black Death and its Consequences

i.  Struck Europe about 1348

ii. disrupted marriage, family life

1.  less people and time to marry (further decreased population)

iii.  About 45% of population is wiped out

iv.  Food production decreased

1.  less able bodied people to do work

2.  less food made people more susceptible to disease

v. Spread by air (pneumonic) and fleas from rats (bubonic)

1.  Ring around the Rosie

vi.  Effects of depopulation

1.  higher wages for some (labor shortage)

2.  disorganization

a.  lords of the manor died

b.  left some with no work (took to begging)

b.  Revolts and Repression

1.  Flanders

2.  Jacqueries (French nickname for a peasant) in 1358

3.  England and Wat Tyler’s rebellion (Peasants Revolt)

a.  large scale rebellion in 1381 that questioned the whole structure of society

i.  brutally repressed

ii. led to more favorable position for the peasant class

1.  fixed rents

2.  peasant property-owning class emerged

iii.  Kings and Taxes

1.  kings needed money to pay for army & put down rebellions

2.  Nobility resisted taxes through parliaments

a.  1300 kings of England and France tried to tax the clergy(large land owners)

3.  debasing currency led to inflation

a.  kings ordered a given weight of gold to be ‘worth’ more

i.  eventually led to inflation

c.  Hundred Years War 1337 t0 1453 A.D.

1.  between England and France

2.  Cause

a.  Britain controls much of France (William)

b.  wine for wool

3.  France is divided internally

4.  Early battles are disastrous for France

a.  Longbow

b.  Poor logistics, weather hamper French

5.  Joan of Arc

a.  inspires France to make concerted effort against Britain

b.  Burned at the stake by English at Rouen in 1431 (Charles VII did not try to help her)

c.  Canonized (1920)

6.  War is halted

a.  conflict in England

b.  Scots invade on behalf of France

c.  French successes

7.  Effects

a.  Parliaments expand power as kings asked for more money

b.  Nationalism in England

c.  War of the Roses (1455-1487)

i.  Edward III (Plantagenet)

1.  Had four sons

ii. Lancaster Red Rose

iii.  York White Rose

iv.  Tudor (Pink)

d.  Troubles in the Medieval Church

i.  Church at its zenith in 1300

ii. Edward I of England and Philip the Fair of France (1290s) issued taxes on land of Church

iii.  Boniface VIII prohibited taxes on Church by civil ruler

1.  1302 he issued the Unan Sanctam (every human creature was subject to Roman pontiff

iv.  Philip the Fair arrests the Pope but the Pope dies

1.  French Cardinals elects a new Pope and the Pope stays at Avignon on the lower Rhone River (Babylonian Captivity)

2.  Papacy becomes of tool of the French king

3.  Status of the papacy is in question

v. 1347 French cardinals/anti French cardinals elect their own popes (one living in Rome, other in Avignon)

e.  The Great Schism of the west goes on for 40 years

1.  1387 two Popes are elected by the cardinals

ii. Extravagance of the Popes brought criticism

1.  who has the keys?

a.  Created great uncertainty

f.  Reponses to Crisis

i.  Mass neurosis

1.  some become self indulgent

2.  others preoccupied with death

a.  plague still ravaging Europe

i.  Dance of Death, Black Mass, witchcraft, The Order of the Flagellants, anti-Semitism

g.  Lollards and Hussites

i.  William Langland -humble cleric questioned the hypocrisy of the high Church with the poor and suffering in his book, Piers Plowman (1360s); social injustice

1.  John Wycliff

a.  English clergyman who gives a voice to the Lollards (who were poor and illiterate)

i.  Said that the organized Church might be unneeded for salvation

ii. Translated the Bible into English

2.  Jan Huss

a.  Slavic against German religious agitation

3.  Both were branded as heretics (unacceptable deviations from the true Church doctrine)

a.  call for reform spreads

h.  The Conciliar Movement

i.  1409 Council at Pisa elected a new Pope now there are three

ii. 1414 Council at Constance

1.  end the schism

2.  they discourage heresy

a.  reform the church from top to bottom

b.  Huss is executed

iii.  Martin V is made Pope the others step down

1.  he dissolves the Council of Constance and refuses to reform

i.  Church Corruption and Indulgences

i.  indulgences- get out of hell free card (costs $)

1.  their sale was encouraged by Boniface VIII in 1300

ii. nepotism- appointment of family members to Church offices

iii.  simony- the buying or selling of Church offices

iv.  mistresses

j.  The Renaissance Popes

i.  Nicholas V, Pious II, Innocent VIII, Alexander VI, Julius II, Leo X

ii. Modern Popes with strong secular ties

1.  men of their times, patrons of the arts

2.6: The Renaissance

1. Introduction

a.  Renaissance – “rebirth”

iii.  Connection to the classical age of Greece and Rome

1.  saw Middle Ages as time of darkness

iv.  they invented the concept of Ancient and Modern

v. a new era in thought and feeling

vi.  New topics of study – “humanities”

vii.  Quattrocento (Italians call the 15th Century)

viii.  Rennaissance was High culture

1.  Only affected limited number

ix.  Renaissance Italy is where almost purely secular attitude 1st appears

b.  The Italian Cities and the New Conception of Life

x. Primary focus of Renaissance was on moral and civic issues of what ideal humans should do/be like

xi.  Proximity helps Italy prosper with trade

1.  Centrally located between East and West

2.  Gained foothold on trade during Crusades with Arabs

xii.  Merchants control of trade routes generated wealth

1.  Wealth built financial institutions

2.  Banks – Sforza, Fugger, Medici

c.  Italian City – States

xiii.  Independent, intrigue

1.  Popes were in Avignon or embroiled in Great Schism

2.  Florence, Venice, Genoa governed as republics

xiv.  Florence

1.  talented citizens

a.  population of 60, 000

b.  grown wealthy in late MA from woolen production

c.  produced Dante, Petrarch, Boccacio, Machiavelli, Leonardo

d.  like Athens it lost its republican liberty and creativity

2.  Medici Family – Giovanni, Cosimo, Catherine

a.  Giovanni (1360-1429) was merchant and banker

b.  Lorenzo the Magnificent (1449-1492) known as poet, patron of arts

c.  Two Medici women became queens of France

d.  Secular conception of life

xv.  Italians doubted that a quiet, contemplative life was greater than an active, involved, wild life

xvi.  They were captivated with the expression of the vast human powers

xvii.  Less attention to the sacred messages of Christianity and its leaders

1.  hermitage, poverty, contemplation are rejected

2.  action, wealth, activity are embraced

3.  Individualism

a.  virtu – vigor -

b.  Leonardo Bruni wrote in 1433 “The whole glory of man lies in activity.”

e.  Individualism

xviii.  A new civic consciousness or sense of public duty was expressed

xix.  Writings of Cicero were valid

xx.  Emphasized the outstanding attainments of extraordinary men

xxi.  A great man shaped his own destiny

1.  had virtu (possessed by most aggressive males)

2.  excelled in all that he did

a.  Benvenuto Cellini

xxii.  Secular art

1.  realism, space and time

2.  Architecture reflected neo-classical design

a.  Brunelleschi’s Duomo of Florence

3.  Free standing sculpture – portraiture

a.  Medieval sculptor was confined to the niches of cathedrals

b.  Renaissance artists

i.  Humans were primary subject

ii. Free standing so that entire figure could be admired

iii.  Extensive use of the nude (paragon of animals)

4.  Painting with perspective, boundaries

a.  Brunelleschi invented linear perspective

b.  Da Vinci perfected chiascurro, invented sfumato

c.  Idea was to tell a story and allow the viewer to enter into the wold of the painting

d.  Importance of portraying the individual human

i.  Bellini’s condottiere viewers see a strong, real, and vivid personality

1.  individualism wasn’t important in the medieval art

e.  Early art

f.  Later art

g.  Reactionary Movement

i.  Led by Savonarola (a priest)

ii. Started the Bonfire of the Vanities

f.  Humanism: The Birth of Literature

xxiii.  Literary connection with the classical authors

1.  medievals had studied and written

a.  hymns, Song of Roland, legends of King Arthur written

2.  Renaissance writers saw it as their life’s work

a.  Wrote to resolve questions, amuse themselves (secular reasons)

3.  studied Latin and Greek

a.  liked the Latin of Cicero instead of the Scholastic of medieval

4.  recaptured the texts of the past

a.  discovered a new rage of interests, politics, civic questions without religious overtones

5.  use of the vernacular

a.  most wrote in Latin and Italian (Florence) too

b.  language of Dante’s Divine Comedy

c.  vernacular=common spoken language

6.  Petrarch first modern man of letters

a.  Florentine exile, son of merchant, traveler of France and Italy, trained in law, clergy

b.  Loved Cicero, Augusine

c.  Wrote about life, beauty, what a good life should be (SECULAR)

7.  Boccaccio

a.  Decameron (in Italian)

b.  Designed to entertain and teacher human character

8.  Coluccio Salutati – history serves the state

a.  Was chancellor of France in 1375

b.  Florence threatened by Milan (Visconti Family)

c.  Wrote to inspire civic consciousness by glorifying Florentine liberty

d.  Bruni (his successor) wrote history of Florence in narrative form

i.  History can be useful to heighten sentiment and collective consciousness (not quite nationalism yet)

9.  Christine de Pisan

a.  Helped spread humanist themes in France in early 1400s

b.  Showed woman could be intellectuals

10.  Lorenzo Valla

a.  Developed a critical method of evaluating the written word

b.  Donation of Constantine

i.  He prove that this was a fraud by showing that phrases and language use were not used at that time

c.  Pico della Mirandola

i.  Claimed that he could summarize all human knowledge in 900 theses by using Chaldaic, Arabic, Hebrew, Grecian, Egyptian, Latin sources

1.  looking for truth in other places besides the Bible

g.  Schooling, Manners, and Family Life

xxiv.  Secondary education developed

1.  idea of putting different age groups, levels into separate classes, own teacher, promotion

2.  curriculum

a.  learned Latin, Greek

i.  in order to read ancient manuscripts

b.  Rhetoric to heighten communication skills

c.  Purpose of education was to develop personality and character (virtu)

xxv.  Etiquette

1.  Medievals acted like big children (belched, spat, sulked, etc.)

2.  Baldissere Castiglione

a.  wrote The Courtier

i.  how to be a gentleman, or lady

ii. clothes should be neat, movements graceful, poised, affable, athletic, dance, appreciate music, be familiar with literature (but not a nerd), have effortless superiority in all

iii.  women should be polite, pleasing to men

3.  Marriage

a.  Arranged in order to enrich family

b.  Usually 18 for women, 30 for established man

c.  Strong gender divisions

xxvi.  Politics

1.  no centralizing force in Italy

2.  condottieri-private armed bands did fighting for city states b/c citizens would not

3.  “Italian Cunning” was byword

a.  To survive deep intrigue was practiced

4.  Niccolo Machiavelli – The Prince (1513)

a.  Dreamed that citizens of all Italy would be like the Romans (virile, citizen soldiers, patriotic, dignified)

b.  Had to look to France (Loius XI), Spain (Ferdinand), England (Henry VII), to find heroes

c.  Prince is a “how to rule for dummies” handbook

d.  promoted strong centralized state

e.  separated politics from theology and moral philosophy

i.  described what effective rulers actually did, not what they ought to do

ii. anticipates scientific objectivity

iii.  they keep or break promises, are or are not merciful

iv.  Rulers must be both the Fox and the Lion (strong and cunning)

xxvii.  Italy’s weak position in the face of rising nations left it vulnerable to attack and unorganized

1.  Other countries will vie for control of Italy

2.  Italy will lose its privileged economic position

2.7: The Renaissance Outside Italy

1. Introduction

a.  Renaissance in northern Europe was less of a break with existing culture

b.  Religious element was stronger

c.  Development of vernacular was stronger than identification with Latin or Greek

2.  Religious Scholarship and Science

a.  Study of Greek and Latin was intended to help better understand the Bible

b.  Universities, rejected by southern humanists continued to grow in northern Europe

i.  14 were established in German

c.  Germany is major center of commerce

i.  Undefined language and cultural region

1.  politically not centralized (even with Holy Roman Emperor)

ii. Fugger family helped develop the financial infrastructure

iii.  Mining was developed

iv.  Johann Muller (Regiomontanus) laid foundations for a mathematical conception of universe