Table S1. Human Groups Used in This Study, Along with Their Ethnolinguistic Group, Language

Table S1. Human groups used in this study, along with their ethnolinguistic group, language family and subsistence system classifications. Also shown are our estimates of pairwise geographical distances and D and FST values, as well as the publications from which we derived these data.

Group 1 / Ethnolinguistic Group 1 / Language Family 1 / Subsistence 1 / Group 2 / Ethnolinguistic Group 2 / Language Family 2 / Subsistence 2 / Geographical distance (km) / D / FST / Reference
Aita / Aita / Papuan / FP / Nasioi / Nasioi / Papuan / FP / 102 / 0.12 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Bileki / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Kabakada / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 217 / 0.09 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Bileki / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Kisiluvi / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / 22 / 0.12 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Bileki / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Lingite / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / 22 / 0.13 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Bileki / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Losoi / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / 0 / 0.10 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Bileki / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Lugei / Ata / Papuan / FP / 39 / 0.10 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Bileki / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Malasait / Baining / Papuan / FP / 175 / 0.16 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Bileki / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Marabu / Baining / Papuan / FP / 183 / 0.17 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Bileki / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Rangulit / Baining / Papuan / FP / 175 / 0.16 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Bileki / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Uasilau / Ata / Papuan / FP / 39 / 0.11 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Bileki / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Vunairoto / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 217 / 0.07 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / Bileki / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / 161 / 0.07 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / Kabakada / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 100 / 0.07 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / Kisiluvi / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / 133 / 0.11 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / Kol / Kol / Papuan / FP / 33 / 0.07 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / Lingite / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / 133 / 0.12 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / Losoi / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / 161 / 0.10 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / Lugei / Ata / Papuan / FP / 114 / 0.09 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / Malasait / Baining / Papuan / FP / 67 / 0.14 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / Marabu / Baining / Papuan / FP / 44 / 0.14 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / Rangulit / Baining / Papuan / FP / 67 / 0.13 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / Uasilau / Ata / Papuan / FP / 114 / 0.11 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / Vunairoto / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 100 / 0.06 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / Watwat / Sulka / Papuan / FP / 0 / 0.03 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kabakada / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / Vunairoto / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 0 / 0.02 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kabil / Kuot / Papuan / FP / Lamalaua / Kuot / Papuan / FP / 0 / 0.05 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kabil / Kuot / Papuan / FP / Madak / Madak / Oceanic / FP / 25 / 0.06 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Bileki / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / 199 / 0.09 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / 382 / 0.08 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Kabakada / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 372 / 0.10 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Kisiluvi / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / 234 / 0.13 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Kol / Kol / Papuan / FP / 288 / 0.10 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Lingite / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / 237 / 0.14 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Losoi / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / 202 / 0.12 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Lugei / Ata / Papuan / FP / 222 / 0.11 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Malasait / Baining / Papuan / FP / 340 / 0.16 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Mangseng / Mangseng / Oceanic / FP / 193 / 0.08 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Marabu / Baining / Papuan / FP / 379 / 0.16 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Melamela / Melamela / Oceanic / FP / 261 / 0.10 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Mengen / Mengen / Oceanic / FP / 270 / 0.08 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Purailing / Anem / Papuan / FP / 0 / 0.02 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Rangulit / Baining / Papuan / FP / 344 / 0.15 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Uasilau / Ata / Papuan / FP / 223 / 0.13 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Vunairoto / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 372 / 0.09 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / Watwat / Sulka / Papuan / FP / 306 / 0.08 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kisiluvi / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / Kabakada / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 217 / 0.13 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kisiluvi / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / Lingite / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / 0 / 0.03 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kisiluvi / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / Lugei / Ata / Papuan / FP / 31 / 0.08 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kisiluvi / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / Malasait / Baining / Papuan / FP / 178 / 0.18 / 0.05 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kisiluvi / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / Marabu / Baining / Papuan / FP / 181 / 0.19 / 0.05 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kisiluvi / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / Rangulit / Baining / Papuan / FP / 178 / 0.18 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kisiluvi / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / Uasilau / Ata / Papuan / FP / 31 / 0.08 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kisiluvi / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / Vunairoto / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 217 / 0.11 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kol / Kol / Papuan / FP / Bileki / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / 111 / 0.10 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kol / Kol / Papuan / FP / Kabakada / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 128 / 0.10 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kol / Kol / Papuan / FP / Kisiluvi / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / 100 / 0.12 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kol / Kol / Papuan / FP / Lingite / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / 100 / 0.13 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kol / Kol / Papuan / FP / Losoi / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / 111 / 0.12 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kol / Kol / Papuan / FP / Lugei / Ata / Papuan / FP / 83 / 0.11 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kol / Kol / Papuan / FP / Malasait / Baining / Papuan / FP / 89 / 0.15 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kol / Kol / Papuan / FP / Marabu / Baining / Papuan / FP / 78 / 0.16 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kol / Kol / Papuan / FP / Rangulit / Baining / Papuan / FP / 89 / 0.14 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kol / Kol / Papuan / FP / Uasilau / Ata / Papuan / FP / 83 / 0.13 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kol / Kol / Papuan / FP / Vunairoto / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 128 / 0.09 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Bileki / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / 217 / 0.10 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / 317 / 0.09 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Kabakada / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 356 / 0.11 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Keraiai / Anem / Papuan / FP / 21 / 0.10 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Kisiluvi / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / 211 / 0.15 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Kol / Kol / Papuan / FP / 289 / 0.13 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Lingite / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / 211 / 0.15 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Losoi / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / 217 / 0.14 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Lugei / Ata / Papuan / FP / 208 / 0.14 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Malasait / Baining / Papuan / FP / 317 / 0.18 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Mangseng / Mangseng / Oceanic / FP / 175 / 0.09 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Marabu / Baining / Papuan / FP / 356 / 0.19 / 0.05 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Melamela / Melamela / Oceanic / FP / 247 / 0.11 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Mengen / Mengen / Oceanic / FP / 256 / 0.09 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Purailing / Anem / Papuan / FP / 21 / 0.11 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Rangulit / Baining / Papuan / FP / 317 / 0.18 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Uasilau / Ata / Papuan / FP / 208 / 0.15 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Vunairoto / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 356 / 0.10 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Kove / Kove / Oceanic / FP / Watwat / Sulka / Papuan / FP / 317 / 0.10 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Lamalaua / Kuot / Papuan / FP / Madak / Madak / Oceanic / FP / 25 / 0.06 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Lingite / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / Kabakada / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 217 / 0.14 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Lingite / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / Lugei / Ata / Papuan / FP / 31 / 0.08 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Lingite / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / Malasait / Baining / Papuan / FP / 178 / 0.19 / 0.05 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Lingite / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / Marabu / Baining / Papuan / FP / 181 / 0.20 / 0.05 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Lingite / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / Rangulit / Baining / Papuan / FP / 178 / 0.19 / 0.05 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Lingite / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / Uasilau / Ata / Papuan / FP / 31 / 0.09 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Lingite / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / Vunairoto / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 217 / 0.12 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Losoi / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Kabakada / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 217 / 0.13 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Losoi / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Kisiluvi / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / 22 / 0.09 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Losoi / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Lingite / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / 22 / 0.09 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Losoi / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Lugei / Ata / Papuan / FP / 39 / 0.06 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Losoi / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Malasait / Baining / Papuan / FP / 175 / 0.18 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Losoi / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Marabu / Baining / Papuan / FP / 183 / 0.18 / 0.05 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Losoi / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Rangulit / Baining / Papuan / FP / 175 / 0.17 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Losoi / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Uasilau / Ata / Papuan / FP / 39 / 0.07 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Losoi / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / Vunairoto / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 217 / 0.11 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Lugei / Ata / Papuan / FP / Kabakada / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 119 / 0.12 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Lugei / Ata / Papuan / FP / Malasait / Baining / Papuan / FP / 150 / 0.18 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Lugei / Ata / Papuan / FP / Marabu / Baining / Papuan / FP / 156 / 0.18 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Lugei / Ata / Papuan / FP / Rangulit / Baining / Papuan / FP / 150 / 0.17 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Lugei / Ata / Papuan / FP / Vunairoto / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 119 / 0.10 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Malasait / Baining / Papuan / FP / Kabakada / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 119 / 0.15 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Malasait / Baining / Papuan / FP / Marabu / Baining / Papuan / FP / 46 / 0.11 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Malasait / Baining / Papuan / FP / Rangulit / Baining / Papuan / FP / 11 / 0.03 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Malasait / Baining / Papuan / FP / Vunairoto / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 119 / 0.14 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Mangseng / Mangseng / Oceanic / FP / Bileki / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / 56 / 0.06 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Mangseng / Mangseng / Oceanic / FP / Ganai / Sulka / Papuan / FP / 192 / 0.06 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Mangseng / Mangseng / Oceanic / FP / Kabakada / Tolai / Oceanic / FP / 272 / 0.08 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Mangseng / Mangseng / Oceanic / FP / Kisiluvi / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / 58 / 0.11 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Mangseng / Mangseng / Oceanic / FP / Kol / Kol / Papuan / FP / 158 / 0.09 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Mangseng / Mangseng / Oceanic / FP / Lingite / Mamusi / Oceanic / FP / 58 / 0.12 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Mangseng / Mangseng / Oceanic / FP / Losoi / Nakanai / Oceanic / FP / 56 / 0.10 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Mangseng / Mangseng / Oceanic / FP / Lugei / Ata / Papuan / FP / 83 / 0.10 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Mangseng / Mangseng / Oceanic / FP / Malasait / Baining / Papuan / FP / 228 / 0.15 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Mangseng / Mangseng / Oceanic / FP / Marabu / Baining / Papuan / FP / 233 / 0.16 / 0.04 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Mangseng / Mangseng / Oceanic / FP / Melamela / Melamela / Oceanic / FP / 153 / 0.08 / 0.02 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Mangseng / Mangseng / Oceanic / FP / Mengen / Mengen / Oceanic / FP / 117 / 0.06 / 0.01 / Friedlaender et al. 2008
Mangseng / Mangseng / Oceanic / FP / Rangulit / Baining / Papuan / FP / 228 / 0.14 / 0.03 / Friedlaender et al. 2008