MCB2610 May Term 2014
Exam #3 Name______
1. The most likely ancestor for today’s mitochondria according to the endosymbiosis hypothesis is:
a. / a species of the genus Bacillus / d. / an enterobacteriumb. / a cyanobacterium / e. / a rickettsial
c. / a member of the clostridia
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2. The DGo’ of ATP hydrolysis is approximately ______kcal/mol.
A) 7.3
B) –7.3
C) -17.3
D) 17.3
E) –27
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3. Look at the table of reduction potentials at the end of the problem
set. What is the maximum amount of ATP that could be synthesized from ADP and Pi when electrons are passed from hydrogen (FADH2) to NO3 under standard conditions?
A) Less than 2 mole of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized
B) More than 20 moles of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized
C) About 10 moles of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized
D) About 4 moles of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized
E) About 5 moles of ATP per mole of FADH2 oxidized
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4. What is lithotrophy?
a. / breakdown of molecules using light energyb. / oxidation of organic electron donors to CO2 and H2O
c. / photolysis of H2S or H2O coupled to CO2 fixation
d. / oxidation of inorganic electron donors such as Fe2+ using O2 or anaerobic electronic acceptors
e. / none of the above
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5. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of influenza A viruses is responsible for which of the following?
A. The high error rate associated with genome replication in influenza viruses
B. The synthesis of new RNA genomes
C. The fast evolution of influenza viruses
D. Two of the above
E. Three of the above
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6. For the reaction 2A + B --> 2C, the equilibrium constant (Keq) is defined as
A) 2[C] / (2[A][B])
B) [C]2 / [A]2[B]
C) [C] / [A][B]
D) [C]2 / [A]2[B]2
7. Iron oxidizing bacteria are usually found in which of the following environments
A) The southern oceans
B) Alkaline iron-rich waters
C) Acidic iron-rich waters
D) Acidic iron-poor waters
E) There are no such things as iron oxidizing bacteria
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8.Microbial life appeared on Earth as early as:
a. / 10.4 billion years ago / d. / 58 million years agob. / 3.8 billion years ago / e. / 29 million years ago
c. / 1.2 billion years ago
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9. Rustacyanin is:
A) a TCA cycle enzyme found in iron-oxidizing bacteria
B) an electron transport chain protein used to oxidize Fe2+
C) a glycolytic enzyme found in iron-oxidizing bacteria
D) an electron transport chain protein used to oxidize Fe3+
E) Two of the above are correct
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10. Which of the following best describes the genome of the influenza virus?
a. / negative-strand segmented RNA / d. / positive-strand single-piece RNAb. / positive-strand segmented RNA / e. / double-stranded RNA
c. / negative-strand single-piece RNA
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11. Imagine that a new form of influenza A was found where all 8 of the genome segments, that are normally found in influenza, were fused into one long genome. Which of the following statements about the new type of influenza would you expect to be true?
A. The virus would be more variable because the RNA polymerase would be copying longer pieces of RNA
B. The virus could undergo antigenic shift
C. The virus could not undergo antigenic shift
D. The virus would be more likely to undergo antigenic drift
E. The virus would be less likely to undergo antigenic drift
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12. The proton motive force drives the following process in bacteria:
a. / ATP biosynthesis from ADP and Pi / d. / all of the aboveb. / flagellar rotation / e. / none of the above
c. / nutrient uptake
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13. Oparin, in the former Soviet Union, and Miller and Urey, in England, performed some of the first experiments to prove:
a. / organic macromolecules can arise from abiotic conditionsb. / micelle formation generated the first membranes
c. / RNA was the catalytic molecule of early Earth
d. / TCA cycle generates amino acids
e. / iron band formations were caused by photoferrotrophy
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14. Viruses with single-stranded RNA as their genome, and for which the base sequence of that RNA is the same as the viral mRNA are said to be ______viruses.
A. minus-stranded
B. mRNA-like
C. plus-stranded
D. reverse-transcribed
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15. The chemiosmotic theory states that the proton potential is composed of:
a. / [ATP] and [ADP]+[Pi] / d. / DpH and Dpsib. / a pH gradient and Na+ gradient / e. / none of the above
c. / pH and pNa+
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16. In class we discussed virus from the Herpes family. What do viruses in that family have in common?
A. Infection with any family member always results in very serious symptoms
B. They all have dsDNA genomes
C. They all reside as latent particles in the host and can cause
disease symptoms long after the initial infection
D. Two of the above are correct
E. Three of the above are correct
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17. Which of the diseases listed below is not a result of infection by a member of the Herpes family?
A. Cold sores
B. Shingles
C. Chicken pox
D. Roseola (also known as sixth disease)
E. All of the above are caused by Herpes viruses
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18. In class we discussed viral hepatitis. Which statement about viral hepatitis is not true.
A. It is always caused by enveloped viruses with ssDNA genomes
B. It is an infection of the liver
C. It is can passed by blood or intimate contact
D. It can be deadly
E. It can be mild
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19. HIV is a retrovirus, and many of the earliest anti-HIV drugs targeted reverse transcriptase. What does reverse transcriptase do?
A. Make DNA, using RNA as template
B. Make ssRNA(+) using ssRNA(-) as a template
C. Make ssRNA(-) using ssRNA(+) as a template
D. Make RNA, using DNA as template
E. All of the above
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20. Which of the following statements about H1N1 influenza are true?
A) H1N1 is in circulation today
B) The hemagglutin protein is identical to the neuraminidase protein because each is a subtype 1
C) The hemagglutin protein and the neuraminidase protein are encoded on RNA genome segment “1” in H1N1
D) Two of the above are correct
E) A, B and C are correct
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21. Consider the following bit of viral genome that is ssRNA(-):
5'-AUC CCG GUU UUU-3'. If you were going to figure out the sequence of the viral protein that is encoded by this bit of genome, your first job would be to figure out the proper codons. In this case, what are they?
A. 5'-AUC CCG UUG AAA-3'
B. 5'-AAA AAC CGG GAU-3'
C. 5'-UAG GGC CAA UUU-3'
D. 5'-AAA UUG GCC CUA-3'
E. None of the above, viruses with (-) genomes do not synthesize proteins.
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22. Which of the following molecules act as a host-cell receptor for HIV?
A. CD4
B. CCR5
C. AIDS docking complex
D. CD4 and CCR5
E. AIDS docking complex and CCR5
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23. Up to 50% of ammonium fertilizer applied to agricultural fields can go places other than crop biomass.
Where does it usually go?
A) The other 50% is leached from soil because ammonium is positively charged and does not readily bind to soil particles
B) The other 50% is fixed by the action of nitrogenase
C) The other 50% binds to soil particles and isn’t available for use by plants
D) The other 50% is used for the production of microbial biomass in the soil
E) Much is oxidized and then leached from soil; the rest contributes to microbial biomass in the soil
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24. Imagine that you infect a chicken egg with H1N2 and H4N2 influenza viruses. After 30 days you collect the virus particles from the egg and test them for type. You find that all of the new particles are either H1N2 or H4N2. Choose the statement that best matches the observations.
A. Hybrid particles may have been detected if genes other than H and N were checked
B. Input and output particles were similar, therefore there was no infection
C. One would expect new viral types (for example H2N8) if the particles had been collected much later, because antigenic drift requires time scales longer than 30 days
D. Only H1N2 and H4N2 came out, therefore no mixing of types occurred during infection
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25. Once infected with Herpes Simplex 1 (HSV1) cold-sores tend to reappear in the same place on a regular basis. Why?
A. Because cold sores tend to reappear when lips become dry and chapped during winter.
B. Because the cells at that site have many viral receptors after the initial infection
C. Because the virus makes the site inaccessible to the immune system, and the site is then unprotected and open to re-infection
D. Because the virus takes up residence in nerve ganglions and follows nerves back to the site of infection
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26. David Baltimore proposed that the primary distinction among classes of viruses was the ______composition and the route used to express messenger RNA.
a. / genome / d. / tegumentb. / envelope / e. / neck
c. / capsid
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27. Which antiviral agent is currently used to treat influenza infections targeting viral neuraminidase?
a. / Tamiflu / d. / Acyclovirb. / Pleconaril / e. / Vitravene
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28. The causative agent of chickenpox is:
a. / herpes simplex virus 1 / d. / Epstein-Barr virusb. / herpes simplex virus 2 / e. / HIV
c. / varicella-zoster virus
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29. Electron transport systems are embedded in what membrane system, among others?
a. / mitochondrial inner membraneb. / thylakoids
c. / the inner membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
d. / all of the above
e. / none of the above
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30. Banded iron formations indicate
A) the formation of red cyanobacteria.
B) the formation of free-oxygen in the atmosphere for the first time.
C) the presence of significant oxygen in the atmosphere.
D) anoxygenic photosynthesis.
E) the presence of ozone.
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31. What are prions and how do they cause disease?
32a. In the biology of influenza, what is responsible for the phenomenon of "antigenic drift"?
32b. If antigenic drift were to suddenly disappear, would flu vaccinations still be required every year? Why or why not?
32c. Without antigenic drift, would there still be sudden dangerous outbreaks of influenza? Why or why not?
33. Describe the process of developing the yearly influenza vaccine. Describe how strains are chosen, how many strains there are, and how the vaccine is produced.
Note: The Faraday constant F = 23.1 kcal/(mole x volt)