Name Date Period

HBIO: Evolution Test Review (Chapters 16, 17, 19)

Question

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Answer

  1. What is evolution?
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  • A slow change over time
  • A heritable change in the characteristics within a population from one generation to the next
  • The development of new types of organisms from preexisting types of organisms over time

  1. What are the three distinct patters of biological diversity that Darwin noted on his trip around the world?
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  • Species vary globally
  • Species vary locally
  • Species vary over time

  1. What incorrect ideas did Lamarck have about evolution?
/ Use and disuse
Inheritance of acquired traits
Desire to change
  1. What scientists influenced Darwin’s theory of evolution?
/ Lamarck, Lyell, Malthus, Wallace
  1. In what type of selection, do humans select traits they find most useful?
/ Artificial selection
  1. What is the process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring?
/ Natural selection
  1. What are 3 major componetns of Darwin’s theory?
/ The struggle for existence, variation and adaptation, survival of the fittest
  1. What is fitness?
/ The ability of organisms to survive AND reproduce
  1. What term describes the characteristics or behaviors that enable an organism to survive better and reproduce more in its environment?
/ Adaptations
  1. What are 4 pieces of evidence for evolution?
/ Biogeography
The Age of the Earth and Fossils
Comparing Anatomy and Embryology
DNA – molecular biology
  1. What are parts that are similar in structure but different in function?
/ Homologous structures
  1. What are parts that are similar in function but not in structure?
/ Analogous structures
  1. What are structures that are so reduced in size or function that they are merely traces of similar organs in other species?
/ Vestigial structures
  1. What is a common group of genes shared by all members of an interbreeding population?
/ Gene pool
  1. What is the number of times that an allele appears in the gene pool?
/ Relative frequency
  1. If there is a change in the relative frequencies of alleles – what can we saying is occurring?
/ Evolution
  1. What are 3 sources of genetic variation?
/ Mutations, genetic recombination, lateral gene transfer
  1. What are the three modes of selection? (be able to identify the graphs and explain what is occurring in each)
/ Stabilizing
Directional
Disruptive
  1. Which mode of selection did the peppered moths in England exhibit?
/ Directional (nature selected light moths pre IR, dark moths post IR)
  1. Which mode of selection selects FOR individuals with the average form of the trait?
/ Stabilizing
  1. What are two examples of genetic drift?
/ Bottleneck effect
Founder effect
  1. What contribution did the photosynthetic organisms make to the Earth’s atmosphere?
/ Released O2…allowed for aerobic organisms to arise AND gave us ozone
  1. What is the term that describes the formation of a new species?
/ Speciation
  1. What factors can lead to reproductive isolation?
/ behavioral, geographical, temporal isolation
  1. What was the most famous place Darwin visited?
/ Galapagos Islands
  1. What theory of speciation says that evolutionary change has long stable periods interrupted by brief periods of change?
/ Punctuated equilibrium
  1. What theory of speciation says that evolutionary change is slow and steady?
/ Gradualism
  1. When one species gives rise to several species, which type of speciation is this?
/ Adaptive radiation
  1. What is the difference between relative and radiometric dating?
/ Relative dating uses the position of fossils in the strata of rock layers to determine the age of fossils relative to the other layers
Radiometric dating dates a fossil with an absolute date by measuring the proportion of radioactive isotopes to stable isotopes
  1. Where are most fossils located?
/ In sedimentary rock
  1. What is the result of an extinction event? What happens next?
/ A species is completely wiped out
It can lead to an eventual increase in biodiversity as those species that are left tend to fill occupied niches
  1. What type of macroevolution will result in one species giving rise to many different species in many different areas?
/ Adaptive radiation
  1. What type of macroevolution results in different organisms in different areas having natural selection work on them in similar ways?
/ Convergent evolution
  1. What internal cell structures support the endosymbiont theory?
/ Mitochondria and chloroplasts having their own DNA and being able to replicate on their own
  1. What was Lyell’s contribution to Darwin’s theory?
/ Hypothesized that the Earth was MUCH older than people thought
  1. How old is the Earth?
/ 4.6 billion years old
  1. Were the first organisms aerobic or anaerobic?
/ Anaerobic (no O2 on the planet yet!)