SOIL COMPOSITION DETERMINATION
1) Take about a heaped teaspoonful of soil and moisten it (use water from a wash bottle). Manipulate it to a state of maximum stickiness and plasticity, working out all the lumps. If you encounter any stones (larger than 2000 mm or about the size of a grain of rice) pick them out and discard them. From time to time, you may need to add more water to maintain the soil at its maximum plasticity.
2) What is the predominant feel of the soil?
GrittyGo to (3)
SilkyGo to (5)
StickyGo to (10)
DoughyGo to (5)
None of these (or not sure) Go to (3)
3) Try to make a ball of soil by rubbing between the palms (not moulding it with the fingers):
This is impossible Sand
This can be done only with great care Loamy sand
This is easy Go to (4)
4) Try to flatten the ball by pressing it between thumb and forefinger:
The ball collapsesSandy loam
The ball flattensGo to (5)
5) Make a ball of soil and try to roll it into a thread, first a thick one (about 1 cm in diameter) and then a thinner one (about 0.5 cm in diameter):
Not even a thick thread can be formed Loamy sand
Only a thick thread can be formed Sandy loam
A thick and a thin thread can be formed Go to (6)
6) Try to bend the thin thread of soil into a horseshoe shape:
The thread cracks while this is being attemptedGo to (7)
A horseshoe shape can be formed without cracks developingGo to (9)
7) Manipulate the soil between the fingers and judge the general feel of the soil:
Soil feels only rough and gritty Loam
Soil feels silky Silt
Soil feels sticky, rough, and gritty Go to (9)
8) Re-moistening as necessary, make a thin thread of soil (about 0.3 cm in diameter) and bend into a horseshoe shape. Go to (9).
9) Try to make the horseshoe thin thread of soil into a ring about 2.5 cm in diameter by joining the two ends of the thread, without cracks forming:
This can be done Go to (10)
This cannot be doneGo to (12)
10) Mould the soil into a ball and rub between thumb and index finger to produce a smeared surface:
The smeared surface is smooth with only a few irregularitiesGo to (12)
The smeared surface is polished but a few gritty particles stand outSandy clay
The smeared surface is polished with no (or very few) irregularitiesGo to (11)
11) Manipulate the soil between the fingers and judge the general feel of the soil:
Soil feels like soap and takes a high polishClay
Soil feels like silk and takes a dull polishSilty clay
12) Form the soil back into a ball and manipulate between the fingers to judge the general feel of the soil:
Soil feels very grittySandy clay loam
Soil feels moderately grittyClay loam
Soil feels doughy and smoothSilty clay loam
When you have decided what texture you think the soil is, find it on the textural triangle. Check that it is not in one or other of the adjoining textural classes by re-applying the appropriate test across the dividing line. If you are still undecided you can "split the difference" between two but only two adjacent classes, e.g. sandy loam to sandy clay loam.
You may have particular problems with some soils:
a)Clays and adjacent classes can often be difficult to get completely wetted and free of lumps especially if they are very dry to start with. Thus they often appear sandier than they really are. Gentle grinding in a mortar is helpful, although a finely ground-up clay often feels silty when dry but becomes sticky when wetted.
b)Soils with many small stones can "confuse" the fingers which tend to sense a much sandier soil than is really the case. It can be worth while actually picking these small stones out first.
c)Soils with organic matter, e.g. topsoils, often feel loamier than they really are and it might be advisable to move towards one of the apexes of the textural triangle. For example, if your sample is a topsoil and your first estimate is that it is on the sand-loamy sand boundary then it is probably actually a sand.
d)Soils with much organic matter can be qualified as, for example, humose clay, loam or peaty sand. Soils which consist of more than about 20-30% organic matter have a separate nomenclature. A humose soil has a distinctive smeary feel and a strong tendency to dirty the fingers. It is dark in colour (Munsell value of 3 or less). When relatively dry, a humose soil is softer and more friable than a non-humose soil of corresponding texture. Organic horizons are those in which organic matter seems equal in volume to mineral particles. If materials formed under waterlogged conditions are pre-dominantly gritty and lacking in cohesion, they are described as peaty sand and, if the feel is doughy with not more than moderate grittiness, as peaty loam.
e)Finely divided calcium carbonate is often silt sized and so strongly calcareous soils often feel silkier than equivalent non-calcareous soils, and textural classes containing the words silt or silty are common.
Reference: Lee Palmer, Bryn Mawr School,