P.DBHARATESHCOLLEGE OF NURSING,
HALAGA, BELGAUM.
SYNOPSIS PRESENTATION
Name of the Guide:
Mr. Vijaykumar Malagi
HOD, Pediatric Nursing
P.D Bharatesh college of Nursing, Belgaum.
Prepared By:
Mr. Vinod V. Bagilkar
M.Sc(N)Ist Year
Pediatric Nursing
P.D Bharatesh college of Nursing, Belgaum.
RAJIVGANDHIUNIVERSITY OF THE HEALTH
SCIENCES,
KARNATAKA, BANGALORE
ANNEXURE-II
PROFORMA FOR REGISTRATION OF SUBJECT FOR
DISSERTATION
01 / NAME OF THE CANDIDATE ANDADDRESS / Mr. VINOD.V.BAGILKAR
1st YEAR M.Sc NURSING
P.D.BHARATESHCOLLEGE OF NURSING.HALAGA, BELGAUM.
02 / NAME OF THE INSTITUTION / P.D.BHARATESHCOLLEGE OF NURSING.HALAGA, BELGAUM.
03 / COURSE OF THE STUDY AND SUBJECT / M.Sc NURSING Ist YEAR
PEDIATRIC NURSING.
04 / DATE OF ADMISSION TO COURSE. / 25/03/2010.
05 / TITLE OF THE STUDY / PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON CHILD LABOUR AND HEALTH PROBLEMS OF THEIR WORKING CHILDREN.
5.1 / STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM / “A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY TO ASSESS THE PARENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE ON CHILD LABOUR AND HEALTH PROBLEMS OF THEIR WORKING CHILDERN IN SELECTED AREAS OF BELGAUM.”
6. BRIEF RESUME OF INTENDED WORK
“Children’s health reflects the national health & wealth”
6.1INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study:
“Today’s children's are tomorrow's Citizens, a well developed child contributes to the nation welfare and children are the precious resources of the Nation.”
Children are the most precious resource of any country should beprotected against all forms of exploitation and Victimization. Each newgeneration offers humanity another chance for survival, a child is regarded as the future hope of the family and as an individual he will determine the kind of status, the family would acquired in the future1.
According to International Labour Organization (1990) Child Labour is defined as "Children Permanently leading adult lives working long hours for a few wages under conditions, damaging to their health and to their Physical and mental development Child Labour is a complex as it is prevalent, it may be the only source of income and survival a cheap alternative contribute the adult employment2.
The Indian academy of pediatrics (IAP) has advocated that pediatric Care declaration in the year 2000 as the year for the “child at risk”, it refers to orphans, destitute, street, physically and mentally challenged children, child labour3.
The collaboration from the international agencies like world healthorganization, united national integrated child emergency fund and NGO’s in additional to the Union and State Government all the National and International programmes are working towards child welfare but still the
children are exposed to in hazardous situations1.
Children Physiological, Anatomical and Psychological characteristics differ biologically from those of adult and the differences make them more susceptible to hazards in the work place, physical problems, like Injuries from accidents, dermatitis, parasite infections, lung problems from inhalation, eye problems, malnutrition, psychological problems like depression, lack of self confidence, telling lies, steeling, emotional disturbance, suicidal tendency, social problems like street children, Juvenile delinquency, drug abuse, prostitution, begging3 .
According to UNICEF, the common belief of the people is that,Poverty is the cause for the child labour, but the new thoughts andApproaches are giving the evidence that "Child Labour" is cause for all our. National Problems like unemployment, poverty, Illiteracy and antisocial Conditions.
A cross sectional study conducted by UNICEF. The report to assess global efforts to realize the millennium development goals. The goal is on universal primary education. The children who are hardest to reach include those living in the poorest countries and most deprived communities within countries and those facing discrimination on the bases of gender, with in ethnicity, disability or belonging to, indigenous group, children caught up in armedconflict or affected by HIV/AIDS and children who lack as a formal identity, abuses, who are not treated as a children, the factors the exclude them and make them invisible ,their well being must safe guard and include them are the focus of The State of the world’s children 20064.
Even though there is a ban on employment of children in Hazardous Industries, Child Labour Prohibition and regulation Act 1986, still children are working, begging, and selling the Newspapers, Tea, Flowers near the traffic signals, working in the hotels , cycle shops, bars around us. Knowingly over looking at them4 .
Accidents, injury, physical disorders in children’s are one of the five leading cause of death in industrialization and developed countries. 10% of children suffer from an accident which it is necessary to contact the health services3. In Indian and other developing countries, the priority health problems are acute respiratory infections, malnutrition, infections, the accidents too are quite frequent especially domestic hazards like burns, injuries, poisoning and traffic mishaps4.
The World Healthy Day Theme for 2003, 7th April, is the “Shape the Future of life; Healthy environment for children”; it is a call to parents, Community, educators, government officials, and many of others employers. For the effective interventions in their respective areas which in turn provide Safety and healthy environment for children5
The approach to child labour prevention involves determining the magnitude, scope and characteristics of problems, identifying the risk factors that are potentially modified assessing what measures can be taken to prevent and implementing the most promoting intervention in community –based approaches5.
Creation of healthy envionirment for children is to be pursued with a Missionary zeal incorporating the raising of the awareness of the risk due to Child labour, to children’s health in the setting where they live and play, and Work based on a solid foundation of scientific evidence6.
The Child’s growth and development has also an important area need to be considered, because of child labour growth and development of the Children will affect .Social stress factors like single parent, unemployment of Parent, poor educational status, and large family, low income, contribute the Child to work. Lack of permanent house, migration to urban slums, poor Implementation of policies towards the child welfare6.
6.2 NEED FOR STUDY:
“What is done to children, they will do to the society”
Karl Meniger
The Idea behind the child care is in three aspects, Prevention of illness due to child labour, maintenance of health children at tender age, restoration of health in all dimensions6.
According to “GLOBLE CHILD LABOURS HEALTH DEVEPLOPMENT” Child Labor remains as serious Problem in the world today. There are 250 Million Child Labour's at the age of 5 to
14 years. Working Children suffer significant growth deficits, malnutrition compared with children in
school. They prone to get many physical, psychological and social disorders.
ACCORDING TO STATISTICAL INFORMATION AND MONTORING PROGRAMME ON CHILD LABOUR (SIMPOC).
Regional estimates of various forms of children’s work (5-14 years old), 2004 and 2008
Children ('000) / Children inEmployment / Child labour / Hazardous work
('000) / % / ('000) / % / ('000) / %
World
2004 / 1,206,500 / 196,047 / 16.2 / 170,383 / 14.1 / 76,470 / 6.3
2008 / 1,216,854 / 176,452 / 14.5 / 152,850 / 12.6 / 52,895 / 4.3
Asia and the Pacific
2004 / 650,000 / 122,300 / 18.8 / - / - / - / -
2008 / 651,815 / 96,397 / 14.8 / 81,443 / 12.5 / 16,332 / 2.5
Latin America and the Caribbean
2004 / 111,000 / 11,047 / 10.0 / - / - / - / -
2008 / 110,566 / 10,002 / 9.0 / 9,722 / 8.8 / 4,529 / 4.1
Sub-Saharan Africa
2004 / 186,800 / 49,300 / 26.4 / - / - / - / -
2008 / 205,319 / 58,212 / 28.4 / 52,229 / 25.4 / 26,045 / 12.7
Other regions
2004 / 258,800 / 13,400 / 5.2 / - / - / - / -
2008 / 249,154 / 10,700 / 4.3 / 9,456 / 3.8 / 5,989 / 2.4
ACCORDING TO GOVERMENT OF INDIA (Ministry Of Health)
State-wise distribution of working children according to1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001 census in age group 5;14 years
Sl.no / Name of the state/UT / 1971 / 1981 / 1991 / 20011 / Andhra Pradesh / 1627492 / 1951312 / 1661940 / 1363339
2 / Assam* / 239349 / ** / 327598 / 351416
3 / Bihar / 1059359 / 1101764 / 942245 / 1117500
4 / Gujarat / 518061 / 616913 / 523585 / 485530
5 / Haryana / 137826 / 194189 / 109691 / 253491
6 / Himachal Pradesh / 71384 / 99624 / 56438 / 107774
7 / Jammu & Kashmir / 70489 / 258437 / ** / 175630
8 / Karnataka / 808719 / 1131530 / 976247 / 822615
9 / Kerala / 111801 / 92854 / 34800 / 26156
10 / Madhya Pradesh / 1112319 / 1698597 / 1352563 / 1065259
11 / Maharashtra / 988357 / 1557756 / 1068427 / 764075
12 / Chhattisgarh / 364572
13 / Manipur / 16380 / 20217 / 16493 / 28836
14 / Meghalaya / 30440 / 44916 / 34633 / 53940
15 / Jharkhand / 407200
16 / Uttaranchal / 70183
17 / Nagaland / 13726 / 16235 / 16467 / 45874
18 / Orissa / 492477 / 702293 / 452394 / 377594
19 / Punjab / 232774 / 216939 / 142868 / 177268
20 / Rajasthan / 587389 / 819605 / 774199 / 1262570
21 / Sikkim / 15661 / 8561 / 5598 / 16457
22 / Tamil Nadu / 713305 / 975055 / 578889 / 418801
23 / Tripura / 17490 / 24204 / 16478 / 21756
24 / Uttar Pradesh / 1326726 / 1434675 / 1410086 / 1927997
25 / West Bengal / 511443 / 605263 / 711691 / 857087
26 / Andaman & NicobarIsland / 572 / 1309 / 1265 / 1960
27 / Arunachal Pradesh / 17925 / 17950 / 12395 / 18482
28 / Chandigarh / 1086 / 1986 / 1870 / 3779
29 / Dadra & Nagar Haveli / 3102 / 3615 / 4416 / 4274
30 / Delhi / 17120 / 25717 / 27351 / 41899
31 / Daman & Diu / 7391 / 9378 / 941 / 729
32 / Goa / 4656 / 4138
33 / Lakshadweep / 97 / 56 / 34 / 27
34 / Mizoram*** / 6314 / 16411 / 26265
35 / Pondicherry / 3725 / 3606 / 2680 / 1904
TOTAL / 10753985 / 13640870 / 11285349 / 12666377
Note * 1971 census figures of Assam includes of Mizoram.
** Census could not be conducted.
*** Census figures 1971 in reported of Mizoram include
under Assam.
**** includes marginal workers also.
According to the Registrar General Govt. of India between 14 – 18 Million children aged 5 to 14 years work for wages many social agenciesClaim that 44 million is a realistic estimate of the prevalence of child labour accomplished by product of poverty, industrialization, in adequateEnforcement of labour laws and other social factors. It is obvious that child labour can have significant adverse effect on the health and well being of children during a critical phase in their life 8.
Facts about children in India:
Education: Out of every100girls who enter Ist class only 30 complete Vth class 70%
Child labour:Child labourIndia 90%
Crime rate: Juvenile crime out of all causes 05%
The rights of Child to have education, safety, security, need special care and protection because of their vulnerability, special emphasis on the primary caring and protective responsibility of the family. It also reaffirms the need for legal and other protection for the child. The child has the right to be protected from work that threatens his or her health. The state shall set minimum age for employment and regular working conditions. No childshould be subjected to torture, cruel treatment or punishment, unlawful arrest or deprivation of Liberty global child health news and review 19939.
The factors that influence morbidity and mortality of children in labour are malnutrition, occupational accidents, occupational diseases, Chemical Poisoning etc.
According to “Global Child health News and Review: January 1st 1993 employment of children below the age of 14 years in factories and prevents about of children tender age”.“The Hindu”, August 6th 1997to protect children’s right to survive and develops”. “Deccan Herald”, July 12, 1997Right to have primary educations”.
The reason why children work are because the poverty of parents, compel them to send their children to work at an early age almost all sectors of economy, Organized or unorganized, seeking employment might be to supplement family income due to death of father, do not like to depend on others parents ask to research for job, no one to look after, no other earning, members of the family, parents ask to assist their own occupation, Large family size, absence of compulsory education 9.
Child Health care in urban areas would make increasing demand on nation’s health system in the next few decades. There is an urgent for a central modal agency for nutrition and development for the nation and coordination of national nutritional programs in different sectors such as health, food and food and education.
The state of the World's Children 2006, by UNICEF Excluded and Invisible Children. The root causes of Exclusion the children most at risk of missing out on the millennium agenda. A beginning not an end the purpose of this study. Children are considered as excluded relative to other children if they are deemed at risk, an environment that protects them from violence, abuse and exploitation. Children may be excluded by their family, the Community, Government, Civil Society, the media, Private sector another children9.
A prospective study was conducted in Bombay because of the world’s largest child labour force in India. Bombay has over 30,000 working children, most of them migrants. The sample was 73 working children from a part of Dharavi the biggest slum in Asia. 68% were working as hotel boys, 22% has started working before their 10th birthday, and income is less than 100 Rs. per day. 40% of them work more than 12 hours per day 10% of them are suffer from anemia, malnutrition, vitamin deficiency. Legal protection and other services near their working place are essential for those children10.
A survey method study was conducted by Child Health Insurance Research Initiative (2003) to provide health insurance coverage to uninsured low income children from families who earned very low. Result reported that families with income < 150 per day shows their poverty level, majority of them not had education, the vast majority of children working along with parents, children 41.3% of them had unmet health needs. The study concluded there is a wide ranging health care needs despite high levels of prior contact with the health care system10.
Mother are usually well wishers of their children. Their bound duty, to provide love and care which children deserve and require. The parents should not pursue other interests to the determinant of their children but due to the above factors which force parents to send their children to work, without their desire and also it is expected that their way of living it self is encouraging child labour.
Thus it is essential to identify the root and contribute to the abolishment of child labour and compulsory education to children. Hence the investigator is fascinated to take up this project as a part of research work to educate the mothers, poor socio economical status of the family is not cause for child labour, Child labour is the cause for poverty olden days if father is Coolie child has to become Coolie only now the trend changed a conductor son can become a collector, if child will have the minimum education he will think broadly because education modifies the behavior as well as life style. To bring awareness on causes, hazards and prevention of the child labour, compulsory education for the children below 14 years and the protective aspects against child abuse, exploitatioand hazards due to work, national and international agencies planning to prevent child labour and to protect the child health.
6.3REVIEW OF LITERATURE:
Literature review is a standard requisition of scientific research. It means reading and writing the pertinent information of the attempt in research topic to understand better about the proposed topic. It also supports and explains why the proposed topics taken for research and avoid unnecessary duplication, explore the feasibility and illuminate way to new research12
The Review of Literature consists of 3 parts.
Section- I – Studies related to knowledge and attitude of parents on child labour.
Section-II - Studies related to health problems due to child labour.
Section- III- Studies related to management and prevention of child labour.
SECTION-I Studies related to knowledge and attitude of parents on child labour.
A Cross sectional study conducted on street children using semi structural interviews and qualitative group discussions with parents of purposively selected index street children. 58 families where enrolled, most of the participants were single parent, female headed families. Living in slums or low cost housing with high levels of illiteracy, drug use, unemployment and a history of migration. Most parents reported receiving financial support from their children and were a ware of the dangers of the street, Males worked in streets, bars, restaurants and females worked as house maids, shop assistants. Family disintegration, poverty, drug use,adolescent pregnancy, peer pressure, and socially constructed gender roles determine the characteristics of children in the street. A comparative study conducted by Post Graduate Medical education oncauses of child labour, work, family socio economic status and growth amongworking Boys in Jaypur" many children start work at an early age and work17long hours for little or no income. Growth retardation and anemia arecommon and many are established smokers12.
A comparative study conducted on "Health of Children working itssmall urban industrial shops" significant differences were found betweenworking and non working children with respect to physical and social healthparameters. 3189 working middle school students who responded to the
survey, the majority were employed in informal job settings, news paperdelivery working on family farms or in family business 12.
A cross sectional survey was conducted in Metropolitan cities tocompare working children and their causes for labour, among 78 malechildren. All children lived and worked in the poor neighbor hoods of threemain Lebanese cities working children reported frequent abuses, dated morecomplaints, Physical
changes in their skin and nails, but no differences inheight or weight psychologically more anxiety, hopelessness and lack of selfesteem in working children.
Across sectional study was conducted by Department of Community HealthNursing Florence Nightingale College of Nursing turkey, to identify the work – relatedrisks and health problems of working
children. Sample 167 working boys, Aquestionnaire work site assessment checklists used to collect the data finding revealedthat 30.58 of the boys who engaged in child labour were having poor health and dropouts
from the school, to assist their family 13.
SECTION-II Studies related to health problems due to child labour.
Social Welfare Department conducted a cross sectional and survey study. A flexible approach to education for all education is a life long process. A child receives in school certain level, after which he enters society the modification occurs through the 20 process of adaptation in order to handle life successfully and skillfully, it is necessary to modify one's experiences. In view of this we consider " Non Formal Education" to be that education which at all times, in every place, in every situation prepare the individual to lead life is a successful way and which operates both formal and informally. Non formal education is a parallel system with formal education. To determine the accessible to all, to provide a wide range of courses clearing to the learners needs. Compulsory Education to every child up to the primary school level up to 14 Years17.
A Study conducted on the drop out children and relationship with elementary schools. One of the major problems of Primary Education in the Country is enrollment "retention" and dropout a case study on factors Influencing. Elementary Schools". While compulsory Education for children till the age of 14 is enshrined as a directive Principle in the Indian constitution, the reality is different. This study involving a sample of one lower Primary School in Karnataka reveals the access to Primary education, and its retention and dropout rates are ruled by and related to prevailing gender divides in the region State Literacy rate from 52% to 67% in 2001 the teachers did house hold survey in January, 2002 at the beginning of year of all eligible children from enrolment in various levels formal, Separate School, girls SC/ST/Minorities and B) working of children, out side the village. The study revealed that in case of un enrolled children the family earnings of the parents ranged between Rs. 500 - 100/Month. Sending the Children for work is the reason for the Unemployment, it remains poverty for generations to generation, it is due to lack of education to the children18 .