Appendix 1 Variables Used in the Equal-Stratified Sampling Design

Appendix 1 Variables Used in the Equal-stratified Sampling Design

The mean annual temperature and percentage of forest cover were each split into three classes by identifying the natural breaks in their distributions in ArcGIS (ESRI 2009). Bedrock types were reclassified qualitatively as granitic rocks, schistose rocks, and all other types that have a limited distribution in the area. The study area was then stratified by combining these classes to generate 27 strata, of which 23 were represented in the area. This stratification was performed using the ArcGIS Spatial Analyst extension (ESRI 2009).

Variables used in the equal-stratified sampling design

Variable type / Variable / Breaks / Classes
Climate / Mean annual temperature (°C) / Natural breaks / 8.1 – 11.2
11.2 – 13.3
13.3 – 15.0
Geology / Bedrock type / Qualitative breaks / granites
schist
others
Landscape / Percentage of natural forests / Natural breaks / 0 – 39.6
39.6 – 72.5
72.5 - 100

Appendix 2. Plant Strategies of Alien Invasive Species in the Study Area According to the C-S-R Classification Scheme (Grime 1977)

Species / C-S-R
class. / Species / C-S-R
class. / Species / C-S-R
class.
Acacia dealbata / SR / Cyperus eragrostis / CR / Oxalis articulata / SR
Acacia longifolia / SC / Datura stramonium / R / Oxalis latifolia / R
Acacia mearnsii / SC / Erigeron karvinskianus / CSR / Oxalis pes-caprae / R
Acacia melanoxylon / SC / Eupatorium adenophorum / CSR / Papaver somniferum / R
Ailanthus altissima / SC / Euphorbia lathyris / SR / Paspalum dilatatum / SC
Alcea rosa / CR / Galinsoga ciliata / R / Paspalum paspalodes / SC
Allium triquetrum / SR / Galinsogaparviflora / R / Phytolacca americana / CR
Amaranthus deflexus / R / Gamochaetacalviceps / SR / Polygonum capitatum / CSR
Amaranthus hybridus / R / Gamochaetapensylvanica / SR / Reynoutria japonica / SR
Amaranthus retroflexus / R / Gamochaetasimplicicaulis / SR / Robiniapseudoacacia / C
Arctotheca calendula / R / Gamochaetaspicata / SR / Rosa sp. / SR
Artemisia verlotiorum / C / Gamochaetasubfalcata / SR / Senecio inaequidens / CSR
Aster squamatus / CSR / Hakea sericea / SC / Senecio mikanioides / SC
Aster x salignus / CSR / Helichrysum foetidum / CR / Sidarhombifolia / SC
Bidensfrondosa / CR / Ipomaea acuminata / CSR / Solanum pseudocapsicum / CSR
Bidenspilosa / CR / Juncus tenuis / SR / Solanum sublobatum / CR
Boussigaultiacordifolia / CR / Lepidiumvirginicum / SR / Soleroliasolerolii / SR
Bromuscatharticus / CR / Lobularia maritima / SR / Solivapterosperma / SR
Buddlejadavidii / SC / Lonicera japonica / SC / Sporobolusindicus / SC
Calystegiasilvatica / SR / Lunaria annua / CR / Stenotaphrumsecundatum / SC
Chenopodium ambrosioides / CR / Lychnis coronaria / CSR / Tradescantia fluminensis / CR
Conyzabilbaoana / CR / Matricaria discoidea / R / Trifolium incarnatum / CSR
Conyzabonariensis / CR / Mirabilis jalapa / CR / Tritonia x crocosmiflora / SC
Conyzacanadensis / CR / Myriophillumaquaticum / CR / Verbena bonariensis / CSR
Conyzasumatrensis / CR / Nothoscordum gracile / SR / Veronica peregrina / R
Coronopus didymus / R / Oenothera biennis / CSR / Veronica persica / R
Cortaderiaselloana / SC / Oenothera glazioviana / CSR / Vinca major / C
Cotulaaustralis / SR / Oenothera speciosa / CSR / Zantedeschiaaethiopica / SR
Cymbalariamuralis / CSR / Oenothera stricta / CSR

Botanical nomenclature according to IPNI ( with authors’ names excluded for simplicity.

Appendix 3 Predictor Variables Included in the Competing Models

Model / TMN / SPRE / pNFo / pUrb / pAFo / SWIlu / MSI / dHne / GPP / NFir / PGra / SWIso / pFlu / SWIsl / disH
H1 – Climate
H2 - Landscape composition
H3 - Landscape structure and function
H4 - Fire regimes
H5 – Geology
H6– Topography
H7 -Regionaldispersal corridors
H8 - Benign environmental conditions
H9- Environmental heterogeneity
H10 - Total dispersal corridors
H11 - Utilization/replacement areas
H12 - Removal areas
H13- Conservation areas

Ffor more details see Vicente and others 2010

Appendix 4 Results of Information-Theoretic-Based Model Selection Based on the Akaike Information Criterion for Total Species Richness (SR), C-strategists Richness (SRc), S-strategists Richness (SRs), and R-strategists Richness (SRr), Detailing Number of Model Parameters (k), Maximised Log-likelihood Function (logL), Adjusted Deviance Explained (adj.D2), the Small-sample Bias-corrected Form of Akaike’s Information Criterion AICc, Akaike Differences (∆i) and Akaike Weights (wi)

SR / SRc / SRs / SRr
k / logL / adj.D2 / AICc / ∆i / wi / logL / adj.D2 / AICc / ∆i / wi / logL / adj.D2 / AICc / ∆i / wi / logL / adj.D2 / AICc / ∆i / wi
H1 / 6 / 68.930 / 0.770 / 149.908 / 0.000 / 0.855 / 53.092 / 0.747 / 118.260 / 0.000 / 0.867 / 47.393 / 0.737 / 106.875 / 0.000 / 0.864 / 65.206 / 0.731 / 142.474 / 0.000 / 0.878
H2 / 10 / 146.939 / 0.485
0.226 / 314.007 / 164.099 / 0.000 / 114.613 / 0.426 / 249.426 / 131.166 / 0.000 / 91.373 / 0.467 / 202.983 / 96.108 / 0.000 / 123.833 / 0.464 / 267.828 / 125.354 / 0.000
H3 / 8 / 226.192 / 468.468 / 318.560 / 0.000 / 160.137 / 0.217 / 336.405 / 218.145 / 0.000 / 137.677 / 0.216 / 291.508 / 184.633 / 0.000 / 189.804 / 0.199 / 395.714 / 253.240 / 0.000
H4 / 4 / 286.356 / 0.066 / 580.734 / 430.827 / 0.000 / 200.021 / 0.067 / 408.079 / 289.819 / 0.000 / 175.932 / 0.044 / 359.907 / 253.032 / 0.000 / 228.049 / 0.081 / 464.127 / 321.653 / 0.000
H5 / 8 / 253.661 / 0.133 / 523.407 / 373.499 / 0.000 / 173.484 / 0.152 / 363.100 / 244.840 / 0.000 / 158.857 / 0.096 / 333.869 / 226.994 / 0.000 / 208.359 / 0.120 / 432.823 / 290.349 / 0.000
H6 / 4 / 229.719 / 0.251 / 467.461 / 317.553 / 0.000 / 160.948 / 0.249 / 329.932 / 211.672 / 0.000 / 145.008 / 0.213 / 298.058 / 191.183 / 0.000 / 186.709 / 0.248 / 381.448 / 238.973 / 0.000
H7 / 4 / 264.875 / 0.136 / 537.774 / 387.866 / 0.000 / 183.188 / 0.145 / 374.413 / 256.152 / 0.000 / 162.627 / 0.117 / 333.296 / 226.421 / 0.000 / 215.633 / 0.131 / 439.295 / 296.821 / 0.000
H8 / 8 / 68.688 / 0.765 / 153.461 / 3.553 / 0.145 / 52.939 / 0.741 / 122.010 / 3.750 / 0.133 / 47.212 / 0.731 / 110.579 / 3.704 / 0.136 / 65.159 / 0.725 / 146.425 / 3.950 / 0.122
H9 / 10 / 178.890 / 0.373 / 377.908 / 228.000 / 0.000 / 126.212 / 0.368 / 272.625 / 154.365 / 0.000 / 117.423 / 0.315 / 255.083 / 148.208 / 0.000 / 150.436 / 0.349 / 321.034 / 178.560 / 0.000
H10 / 6 / 264.777 / 0.116 / 541.603 / 391.695 / 0.000 / 183.065 / 0.126 / 378.206 / 259.946 / 0.000 / 162.434 / 0.097 / 336.959 / 230.083 / 0.000 / 215.579 / 0.111 / 443.220 / 300.746 / 0.000
H11 / 6 / 235.256 / 0.214 / 482.560 / 332.652 / 0.000 / 167.639 / 0.200 / 347.354 / 229.094 / 0.000 / 143.990 / 0.200 / 300.070 / 193.195 / 0.000 / 195.272 / 0.195 / 402.606 / 260.131 / 0.000
H12 / 4 / 224.287 / 0.268 / 456.597 / 306.689 / 0.000 / 170.224 / 0.206 / 348.484 / 230.224 / 0.000 / 138.070 / 0.250 / 284.182 / 177.307 / 0.000 / 177.100 / 0.287 / 362.230 / 219.755 / 0.000
H13 / 4 / 309.504 / 0.001 / 627.030 / 477.122 / 0.000 / 215.356 / 0.005 / 438.748 / 320.488 / 0.000 / 184.819 / 0.003 / 377.681 / 270.806 / 0.000 / 251.186 / 0.012 / 510.401 / 367.927 / 0.000

Note that the Akaike weights (wi) always sum up to 1.

Appendix 5 Pearson Correlation’s Value Between Observed and Predicted Values (10-folder cross validation); Model Averaging Coefficients, Linear and Polynomial Forms for Total Species Richness (SR), Competitor Species Richness (SRC), Stress-tolerant Species Richness (SRS) and Ruderal Species Richness (SRR)

SR / SRC / SRS / SRR
Pearson correlation’s value (p-value always < 2.2E-16) / 0.8356 / 0.8133 / 0.7713 / 0.8198
Intercept / -3.954771261 / -3.905750974 / -6.550895319 / -2.896061489
pol(TMN, 2)TMN / 0.126425848 / 0.142270989 / 0.146009577 / 0.12093052
pol(TMN, 2)TMN^2 / -0.001084316 / -0.001169183 / -0.001265584 / -0.001066696
pol(SPRE, 2)SPRE / 0.074720577 / 0.054860896 / 0.100985693 / 0.058616523
pol(SPRE, 2)SPRE^2 / -0.000428669 / -0.000335513 / -0.00054336 / -0.00036814
pol(pNFo, 2)pNFo / 9.76E-39 / 8.90E-32 / 7.08E-24 / 4.50E-30
pol(pNFo, 2)pNFo^2 / 3.32E-40 / 5.58E-33 / 1.36E-25 / 1.97E-32
pol(pUrb, 2)pUrb / 1.58E-37 / 2.19E-30 / 9.84E-23 / 4.33E-29
pol(pUrb, 2)pUrb^2 / -1.40E-39 / -1.92E-32 / -8.82E-25 / -3.94E-31
pol(pAFo, 2)pAFo / 4.98E-38 / 6.79E-31 / 3.45E-23 / 1.33E-29
pol(pAFo, 2)pAFo^2 / -1.54E-40 / -1.42E-33 / -1.49E-25 / -4.82E-32
pol(SWIlu, 2)SWIlu / -9.61E-37 / -7.76E-30 / -1.04E-21 / -2.35E-28
pol(SWIlu, 2)SWIlu^2 / 3.75E-37 / 3.06E-30 / 3.39E-22 / 8.99E-29
pol(MSI, 2)MSI / 8.82E-50 / 1.65E-33 / -1.23E-33 / 5.40E-39
pol(MSI, 2)MSI^2 / -4.26E-50 / -6.60E-34 / -3.04E-33 / -2.47E-39
pol(dHNe, 2)dHNe / 3.07E-71 / 2.34E-49 / 3.65E-42 / 4.87E-57
pol(dHNe, 2)dHNe^2 / -4.33E-73 / -3.42E-51 / -4.63E-44 / -6.90E-59
pol(GPP, 2)GPP / 7.61E-05 / -0.000174721 / -4.21E-05 / 1.25E-05
pol(GPP, 2)GPP^2 / -2.77E-08 / 2.91E-07 / 1.36E-07 / 1.46E-08
pol(Nfir, 2)Nfir / -9.68E-95 / -4.29E-64 / -3.34E-56 / -5.56E-71
pol(Nfir, 2)Nfir^2 / 1.46E-95 / 6.44E-65 / 4.51E-57 / 8.36E-72
pol(pGra, 2)pGra / -6.24E-85 / 1.30E-57 / -2.07E-53 / 1.06E-66
pol(pGra, 2)pGra^2 / -4.10E-88 / -1.07E-58 / -4.38E-55 / -1.23E-68
pol(SWIso, 2)SWIso / 1.54E-50 / 1.50E-34 / 2.38E-33 / 1.05E-39
pol(SWIso, 2)SWIso^2 / 2.27E-51 / 4.51E-35 / 1.29E-33 / -1.50E-40
pol(pFlu, 2)pFlu / 4.28E-83 / 4.07E-55 / 2.57E-51 / 5.12E-65
pol(pFlu, 2)pFlu^2 / -6.17E-85 / -5.58E-57 / -3.76E-53 / -7.48E-67
pol(SWIsl, 2)SWIsl / -1.32E-50 / -1.87E-34 / -2.97E-33 / -7.05E-40
pol(SWIsl, 2)SWIsl^2 / -4.28E-51 / -1.56E-35 / -8.60E-34 / -2.48E-40
pol(disH, 2)disH / -4.32E-88 / -1.83E-59 / -4.87E-53 / -2.69E-68
pol(disH, 2)disH^2 / 7.28E-92 / 3.02E-63 / 8.06E-57 / 4.70E-72

Appendix 6 Patterns of Conflict Between Alien Invasive Plants and the Several Targeted Ecosystem Services: Type of Spatial Conflict (Detailing the Six Types of Potential Conflict Between the Ecosystem Service Value and Invasive Species Richness); Invasive Richness (Detailing the Class/es of Invasive Species Richness for the Six Types of Conflicts); ES Value (Representing the Classes of Ecosystem Service Value Mapped Considered in Each of the Six Types Of Conflicts)

1. Water cycle / 2. Carbon sequestration / 3. Biodiversity/habitat protection / 4. Wood production
Type of spatial conflict / Invasive richness / ES value / SR / SRc / SRs / SRr / SR / SRc / SRs / SRr / SR / SRc / SRs / SRr / SR / SRc / SRs / SRr
A - Highest concern / INV 4 / Very high / 48.21 / 44.64 / 50.00 / 37.50 / 50.88 / 47.12 / 53.88 / 36.84 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 40.91 / 38.64 / 45.45 / 34.09
B - Conflict possible with very high concern / INV 3
INV 2 / Very high / 48.21 / 50.00 / 46.43 / 58.93 / 45.36 / 48.37 / 42.36 / 59.40 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.00 / 56.82 / 59.09 / 52.27 / 63.64
C - Probable conflict with high concern / INV 4 / High + Medium / 39.87 / 35.43 / 41.21 / 32.21 / 37.68 / 33.07 / 38.78 / 30.97 / 21.61 / 19.79 / 21.61 / 17.96 / 45.30 / 39.74 / 47.93 / 33.27
D - Conflict possible with high concern / INV 3
INV 2 / High + Medium / 38.02 / 39.95 / 35.73 / 45.21 / 42.02 / 43.70 / 39.70 / 48.04 / 34.20 / 31.32 / 32.37 / 37.18 / 49.95 / 53.79 / 46.81 / 61.58
E - Conflict with very low concern / INV4
INV 3
INV 2 / Low / 74.15 / 70.57 / 72.08 / 73.21 / 28.52 / 25.48 / 26.62 / 28.52 / 91.33 / 89.52 / 90.49 / 90.82 / 69.48 / 66.33 / 68.06 / 68.86
F - Lowest concern / INV1 / Very high + High + Medium + Low / 22.39 / 25.07 / 23.52 / 22.94 / 22.39 / 25.07 / 23.52 / 22.94 / 22.39 / 25.07 / 23.52 / 22.94 / 22.39 / 25.07 / 23.52 / 22.94

The following columns summarize the values of the area (%) of the spatial conflicts, for each ecosystem service mapped (1. Water cycle; 2.Carbon sequestration; 3.Biodiversity/habitat protection; and 4. Wood production), and for each response variable (SR – total richness; SRC – C-strategists richness; SRS – S-strategists richness; and SRR – R strategists richness)