Find subject and verb.
Mark out prepositional phrases
Beginning of Punctuation
Type of Clauses
A clause is a word group that contains a subject and a verb and that is used as a sentence or as part of a sentence.
Clause: independent or dependent
An independent clause has a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought and can stand by itself as a sentence.
Ex. The outfielders missed easy fly balls.
Ex. The infielders were throwing wildly.
*Two independent clauses can be joined
by a comma and a coordinating conjunction (FANBOYS).
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
Ex. The outfielders missed easy fly balls, and the infielders were throwing wildly.
I went to Kroger and Taco Bell.
A subordinate, or dependent, clause does not express a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence.
Ex. whom we spoke to yesterday
Ex. because no students have applied for them
Notice the subordinate clauses in the following sentences:
Ex. The woman whom we spoke to yesterday told us about sources of financial aid for college applicants.
Ex. Some scholarships are still available because no students have applied for them.
Ex. As Sally looked up at the sky, she saw the Big Dipper.
Adjective Clause: a subordinate clause that modifies a noun or pronoun.
The boy who is wearing the green shirt is the one running for student council.
Adverb Clause: a subordinate clause that modifies a verb, adjective, or an adverb.
When you arrive, don’t forget to sign in.
Noun clause: a subordinate clause that functions as a noun in the sentence.
Whoever won the election will be the president.
Ms. Eva Picard, an environmentalist, will explain what the greenhouse effect is.
Common Subordinating Conjunctions that introduce adverb clauses:
after although
as as if
as long as as soon as
as though because
before if
in order that once
provided that since
so that than
though unless
until when
whenever where
wherever while
Common relative pronouns that introduce adjective clauses:
that which
who whom
whose
The boy who is wearing…
Who is on first base for the Indians?
Common introductory words for noun clauses:
how that
what whatever
when where
whether which
whichever who
whoever whom
whomever whose
why
Finding independent and dependent clauses:
1.The last ship carrying passengers had recently arrived in the Ross Sea, which was closed by ice most of the year.
1. I had to leave the meeting early because I became ill.
2. Simple illustrations, which the instructor drew on the board, explained the process.
3. Geologists know why earthquakes occur.
4. After we watched the news, we had to report our information to the class.
5. We had to eat trail mix, although we did not like it.
6. As soon as you complete the assignment, please turn it in on the overhead cart.
7. Everyone needs friends who are loyal.
8. The window, which shines like gold, reflects the sun.
9. The town where my sister lives is peaceful.
10. After I backed up my files, the disk controller failed.
11. His popularity dropped where people knew him.
12. The trip is more expensive than I can afford.
13. Figure the interest on the car as carefully as you can.
14. The candidate refused to endorse a policy that promised federal aid to the cities.
15. As the days grew shorter, her spirits darkened.
16. Both small nations claimed victory in the battle, which immediately became a symbol of the stalemated global war.
17. Some people think that if government agents were to enforce existing laws efficiently, the drug epidemic could be controlled.
The following sentences are from Anne Rivers Siddons (from Outer Banks):
18. We stood on the high green crown and looked down at the sea.
19. A wooden walkway led from the porch down through the low, scrubby vegetation to the tan sand itself.
20. The walkway was weathered to near-black like the house, and it snaked its way through drifts of sea oats, beach grass, and a dense, low matting of little running plants and flowers that I could not name.
21. The sand itself was powdery and soft, drifting like whipped cream and then melting into damp, packed flatness and finally a shining mirror where earth met water.
22. The combers marched in stately and perfect, unhurried and unimpeded in their progress straight from Spain.
23. The water, except where it broke white on the beach, was the deep true blue of gentians, or lapis lazuli.
24. No one was on the beach below, and no sails broke the great, tossing blueness, and no sound but the hollow boom . . . hushhh of the water and the bronze calling of gulls reached our ears.
25. The wind, which was straight off the sea and fresh and nearly chilly, blew our hair straight back, but the sun on the backs of our necks and shoulders was still hot.
Copy Subordinating Conjunctions Clauses from yellow grammar book.
Review Concepts
Apostrophes
Verb tense
CLAUSES Ex. 2 (ADJ), 4 (ADV) , Rev. B (altogether)
p.562 Yellow
ACT Grammar Review/Notes
Commas
Subordinating clause, main clause.
1.Use a comma after an intro/dependent (subordinate) clause:
Ex. After we watched the film in English class, we wrote an essay arguing to support or oppose its main idea.
-Use a comma with small sentence openers such as first, in conclusion, by the way, etc.
Ex. In fact, I am going today.
-Use a comma to set off a mild exclamation.
Ex. No,
Ex. Oh,
Ex. Sam, please hand me the paper.
-Use a comma after an introductory participle or participial phrase.
VERB+ING=shivering
Verb+ED=exhausted
Ex. Shivering, the couple hurried into the warm lobby of the movie theater.
Ex. Calling for a timeout, the referee blew his whistle and signaled.
Ex. Exhausted after a three-mile swim, Diana emerged from the water.
-Use a comma after a long introductory prepositional phrase or two or more prep phrases used together.
Ex. During the long bus ride home, we sang songs and told stories to amuse ourselves.
Ex. By the light of the harvest moon in September, we went on an old-fashioned hayride.
Ex. 3 (Rule 2) p.786 Yellow Book
p.709 for practice
2.Use a comma between two independent clauses joined by a conjunction:
sent, and/but/or sent.
Ex. The climbers must reach the summit today, or they will have to turn back.
1. Find the coordinating conjunction in the sentence: AND, BUT, OR, FOR, NOR, YET, and SO
2. Does the sentence have an independent clause BEFORE and AFTER the conjunction (and, but, or).
3. If yes, put a comma at the final word of the first independent clause:
Ex. Patrick brought the sandwiches, and Cindy brought the potato salad.
Ex. We arrived on time, but Jeff and Maria were late.
Ex. He was apprehensive yet excited.
Ex. The bears failed to catch any salmon, so they went away.
Ex. I applied for the job, and they hired me!
No comma:
Hannah brought charcoal and lighter fluid but forgot matches.
A. No change
B. fluid,
C. fluid;
D. fluid:
*forgot matches is NOT an independent clause!!!
Guided practice:
1. The summer that I turned thirteen, my family went on a month-long trip to visit relatives and “to see the country.”
2. We packed our bags, loaded up our trusty station wagon and drove northwest from Kentucky with parents in the front seat and daughters in the back and we set off on an adventure.
3. We emerged from the steep ridges and deep gorges of eastern Kentucky and entered the Midwest prairie.
4. This was a world of reds and golds and ochers instead of the shades of green we usually saw at that time of year in Kentucky.
5. We drove and then finally we turned homeward.
6. The meaning of the word “home” was changing for these new experiences were a part of me now.
7. The world was more beautiful and complicated and enormous than I had imagined.
8. In photographs I have from the trip I appear dazzled by the sights and my smile is wide and eager.
9. Built by a master craftsman Charles Carmel this ride features wooden horses and each is sculpted by hand.
10. With a hair dryer and an artist’s scalpel he meticulously removed layers of paint and determined what color each animal was when children first climbed onto the carousel.
11. Then he sanded the horses down to the wood and filled in the cracks.
12. Finally the restoration crew painted each animal true to the original colors and details.
13. Some are black horses, dappled gray-and-white horses, and dark brown horses with white stockings on their legs and blazes on their faces.
14. If the horses appear particularly lifelike it could be because Carmel visited local stables and used real horses as models for his fanciful ones.
15. He worked diligently and the skilled carvers who worked with him even sculpted wrinkles in the horses’ skin.
3. List of words, phrases, or clauses:
*Ex. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people.
*Ex. I came, I saw, and I conquered.
*Independent clause, independent clause, and independent clause.
Ex. The melon was pink, sweet, and juicy.
*Ex. He taught me to believe in hard work, to mistrust easy inspiration, and to write.
Ex. My ideas of womanhood are about practicality, strength, reasonableness, intelligence, wit, and competence.
Ex. We have a government of the people, by the people, and for the people.
Ex. I know I will pass the test if I take good notes, if I study hard, and if I get a good night’s sleep.
Ex. We could order a sandwich, macaroni and cheese, or soup.
A.Note: Her colors are red and white and black.
B. Her colors are red, white, and black.
The student complained and complained and whined and lollygagged around.
List of words, phrases, or clauses examples:
1. Meanwhile people on benches chatted with each other looked out over the river or tossed crumbs to the ducks.
1. I pedaled on and found myself passing backyards playgrounds and ball fields.
2. The air grew cool as I glided under a canopy of trees entered a tunnel through the twilight and looked up at the stars.
3. I got back on my bike to pedal the short distance home the moon appeared through the trees and the runners and their dogs disappeared in the distance.
4. I could picture everything rotting rusty and in complete ruins.
5. Everybody benefits from this system fewer toxic substances go into the ground and more people save money by reusing perfectly good materials.
6. However the landfill operates during convenient hours the staff is friendly and knowledgeable and the biggest waste would be to overlook the existence of this community resource.
7. What do the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. the Louvre in Paris and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in Cleveland have in common?
8. Pei has inscribed his brilliant architectural designs on cityscapes around the world he came to the United States at the age of eighteen to study architecture and he founded his own architectural firm in New York City in 1955.
9. Pei has designed more than fifty buildings including the John F. Kennedy Library and the Hancock Tower in Boston and the Bank of China in Hong Kong.
4.Use a comma before and after an interrupter: an appositive (renaming) or a word or phrase that interrupts the main, independent clause.
Ex. Savion Glover, the award-winning dancer, taps like poetry in motion. (appositive-little renaming phrase)
Ex. This, in turn, leads to a richer understanding of the plot.
, after all, meanwhile,
, at any rate, moreover,
, consequently, nevertheless,
for example, *of course,
for instance, on the other hand,
generally speaking,
*however, on the contrary,
*I believe,
in fact,
She likes pizza; however, she doesn’t eat it often.
sentence; however, sentence.
*The issue, however, is a complicated one.
Ex. A Senator from Kansas, Nancy Landon Kassebaum, was the principal speaker.
Ex. Have you read At Home in India, a book by Cynthia Bowles?
Ex. On July 20, 1969, Neil Armstrong, one of the three astronauts on the Apollo 11 mission, became the first person to walk on the moon.
Ex. You are, I hope, planning to arrive on time.
Ex. Emily Bronte, not her sister Charlotte, wrote Wuthering Heights.
Ex. Yes, Mr. Ramos, I turned in the paper.
5. Use a comma before and after a nonessential (unnecessary) clause:
Ex. The two drivers involved in the accident, who have been convicted of drunken driving, should lose their licenses.
Ex. I borrowed books from the rental library of Shakespeare and Company, which was the library and bookstore of Sylvia Beach at 12 rue de l’Odeon.
Ex. My mother, who listened to his excuses, smiled knowingly.
Ex. We will explore Mammoth Cave, which has twelve miles of underground passageways.
Ex. In July these mountains, covered with snow, seem unreal.
Ex. The old Renault, glistening in the rain, looked brand new.
Ex. Such noise, too loud for human ears, can cause deafness.
Ex. Noticing that customers needed help, Albert created the aisle signs in supermarkets.
OR
Albert, noticing that customers needed help, created the aisle signs in supermarkets.
Essential clauses that DO NOT need commas:
1. Any mother who listened to such excuses would smile knowingly.
2. We will explore a cave that has twelve miles of underground passageways.
*Notice THAT clauses are ALWAYS essential (NO COMMAS)
3. In July mountains covered with snow seem unreal.
4. An old car glistening in the rain looked brand new.
5. A noise (that was) too loud for human ears can cause deafness.
Extra Nonessential/Essential Clause Practice
1. Students going on the trip tomorrow
will meet in the auditorium.
2. The White River Bridge, which closed today for resurfacing, will not be open for traffic until mid-October.