Int 256 – Tree Pests and Disease Laboratory #1: Page 1
INT 256 - Laboratory #1
Orders of Insects
(Edmonds p. 413-435)
I.Purpose:
To recognize the major taxonomic orders of insects.
II.Materials:
Dissecting microscope or hand lens, compound microscope, insect specimens.
III.Introduction.
A.Insects as an evolutionary success:
1.Insects represent 75-80% of all animal species.
a)1 million described species
b)Maybe 10 million total
2.Insects are present in virtually all terrestrial ecosystems.
3.Insects occupy almost any role that can be imagined.
a)Most are benign or beneficial to humans
b)“Pests” are insects that are behaving in a manor that humans don’t like.
B.Insect identification and classification.
1.Names
a)Common – can differ by region, be careful in their use!
b)Latin
(i)One name for a species
(ii)Based on phylogenetic classification
(a)Shows evolutionary relationships
(b)As our understanding of these relationships improve, Latin names can change to reflect the better understanding.
(c)Must be able to recognize Latin names on quizzes and exams.
2.Phylogenetic classification.
a)Kingdom: Animalia
b)Phylum: Arthropoda (spiders, mites, crabs, centipedes, etc.)
(i)Arthropoda = "jointed legs"
c)Class: Insecta
d)Order: 26 (depending on the classification used)
e)Family: name ends in -idae (for animals)
f)Genus: name begins with a capital letter
g)Species: name begins with a lower case letter
C.Characteristics of the phylum Arthropoda.
a)Segmented: usually 2 or 3 distinct body regions
b)Paired jointed appendages
c)External skeleton (exoskeleton)
d)Ventral nerve chord
D.Characteristics of the class Insecta
1.3 body regions
a)Head
(i)Compound eyes
(ii)Antennae
(iii)Mouth parts
(a)Chewing
(b)Sucking
b)Thorax: 3 segments, 1 pair of legs/segment
(i)Prothorax
(ii)Mesothorax - 1 pair of wings
(iii)Metathorax - 1 pair of wings
(iv)Function: locomotion
c)Abdomen
(i)11 of fewer segments
(ii)Digestion, reproduction
2.3 pair of legs
3.1 or 2 pair of wings
4.1 pair of antennae
5.Compound eyes
Name: ______Date: ______
IV.Insect Orders
Examine samples from each of the insects orders listed below. Make a sketch of each insect and CLEARLY label the parts that can distinguish this insect order from others. BE SURE TO DRAW AND INDICATE ALL THREE BODY REGIONS.
A.Odonata: Dragonflies, damselfliesHow ID: Front wings have many veins and cross veins; hind wings similar to front wings; wings don’t fold onto body; chewing mouthparts:Dragonfly sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen
B.Dictyoptera: roaches, mantidsHow ID: Front wings elongate, often thickened, usually with many veins; hind wings wider than front; wings fold along body; chewing mouthpartsCockroach sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (6 legs; wings), abdomen
Praying Mantis sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen
C.Orthoptera: Crickets, grasshoppers, walking sticksHow ID: Front wings long and slender, thickened, with many veins; hind wings wider than front, membranous; folded on body; chewing mouthparts.Cricket sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen:
Walking stick sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen; NOTE – flightless when mature, helps explain how wings are forming:
D.Coleoptera: BeetlesHow ID: Front wings hardened, protective, called “elytra”, meet in strait line on back; hind wings fold and are hidden under the elytra; chewing mouthparts.Chafer beetle sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen:
Long-horned beetle sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen:
E.Lepidoptera: Moths, butterliesHow ID: Wings triangular in form and with scales, few veins; front wings slender to rather broad; hind wings usually shorter, broader, and more rounded; wings to not fold; mouthparts are coiled tubes.Monarch Butterflysketch - Draw and Label: Top view only; wings only:
Silkworm Moth adult sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, NO mouthparts), thorax (6 legs; wings), abdomen:
F.Hemiptera - Heteroptera: “Bugs”How ID: Front wings upper part hardened and pigmented, few veins; hind wings membranous, shorter and wider; wings fold along body; sucking mouthparts arise from front side of head.Shield Bug sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen:
G.Hemiptera – Homoptera: Cicadas, aphids, leafhoppers, scalesHow ID: Wings (many times absent) slope over side of body (tentlike); front wings uniform; sucking mouthparts arise underside of headCicada sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (6 legs; wings), abdomen:Aphid sketch from microscope slide - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (6 legs; wings), abdomen (include structures that exude honeydew); NOTE: Wings aren’t used when mature:
H.Hymenoptera: Ants, wasps, bees, hornetsHow ID: Font wings membranous with few veins; hind wings smaller than front; chewing mouthparts.Yellow Jacket Wasp sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen (note constriction where thorax joins abdomen):
Ant sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; 6 legs; wings), abdomen (note constriction where thorax joins abdomen):
I.Diptera: FliesHow ID: Front wings membranous; hind wings no longer functional – now halteres; mouthparts piercing to sponging.Onion Fly sketch - Draw and Label: Top and bottom views; head (eyes, antennae, mouthparts), thorax (6 legs; wings), abdomen:
V.Terminology.
FTY 100 - Lecture : page 1
A.Latin Names
Arthropoda
Insecta
Odonata
Dictyoptera
Orthoptera
Coleoptera
Lepidoptera
Hemiptera
Heteroptera
Homoptera
Hymenoptera
Diptera
B.Common Names
Dragonflies
Damselflies
Cockroach
Praying Mantis
Cricket
Walking stick
Chafer beetle
Long-horned beetle
Monarch butterfly
Silkworm moth
Shield bug
Cicada
Aphid
Yellow jacket wasp
Ant
Onion fly
C.Terms
Phylogentic
Head
Thorax
Prothorax
Mesothorax
Metathorax
Chewing mouthparts
Sucking mouthparts
Abdomen