Module 3 Guided Notes
3.01-The Nervous System
The Nervous System-page 2
Focus Question:
How would you describe the symptoms of Parkinson's, a disease that affects the nervous system?
(Watch the video on this page for this answer)
Central Nervous System-page3
Focus Question:
What anatomy makes up the central nervous system? How does the nervous system control the senses and movement of our body?
(Watch the video on this page once, and then watch it again and fill in the video note worksheet below to answer the focus question.)
Central Nervous System Video Worksheet
Word Bank: brain, instincts, interpreted, organs, reflexes, spinal cord, senses
1. The central nervous system includes the ______and ______.
2. Signals from ______and the body's ______are received by the brain and the spinal cord.
3. Once signals are processed and ______by the central nervous system, a response is sent back to the body.
4. A central nervous system is also responsible for programming ______and ______.
Tissues Found in the Central Nervous System- pg 4
Focus Question:
What are the main tissues of the central nervous system?
Brain-
Spinal Cord-
Meninges-
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-
Describe the 3 layers of the brain:
Dura Mater—
Arachnoid Mater—
Pia Mater—
Tissues of the central nervous system-page 5
Focus Question:
What is white matter and gray matter?
Nerves-
White matter-
Grey matter-
Myelin-
Interneurons-
Neurons-
Peripheral Nervous System-page 6
Focus Question:
What is the anatomy of the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
(Watch the video on this page once, and then watch it again and fill in the video note worksheet below to answer the focus question.)
Peripheral Nervous System Video Worksheet
Word Bank: autonomic, involuntary, parasympathetic, sensory somatic, senses, sympathetic, voluntary, without
1. The peripheral nervous system is divided into two divisions, the ______nervous system and the ______nervous system.
2. The sensory somatic nervous system (or SNS) is a ______system. It interprets signals received from the ______and responds to them.
3. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is an ______system. It acts ______our conscious control.
4. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is further divided into the ______and the ______nervous systems.
5. The ______nervous system prepares the body for emergencies or crisis.
6. The ______system returns the body to normal after an emergency.
Nerves of the Peripheral Nervous System-page 7
Focus Question:
What are the main nerves of the PNS?
Sensory nerves-
Motor nerves-
Mixed nerves-
Assessment
Complete the 3.01- The nervous system quiz.
3.02-The Spinal Cord
The Spinal Cord-page 2
Focus Question:
What are the functions of the spinal cord?
It has two important jobs:
1.
2.
Define Reflex Arc-
Spinal Regions-page 3 and 4
Focus Question:
What are the main regions of the spinal cord?
Define Spinal nerves-
(See below for spinal regions)
Remember:
If the spinal cord is damaged in an accident, the regions below the injury will be disconnected from the brain and the rest of the spinal cord. For example, if a person sustained an injury to the L3 spinal nerve of the lumbar region, all the nerves below that point, and all the body parts linked to them, would stop functioning.
Structures of the Spinal Cord-page 5
Focus Question:
What are the structures of the spinal cord?
(Fill in the blanks from the lesson page)
The spinal nerves are attached to the ______by two roots: the ______dorsal root and the anterior ______root. The dorsal root is composed of ______neurons, and the ventral root consists of ______neurons.
The grey matter of the spinal cord consists of ______. They are unique because they can move signals in both directions, and they are only found in the central nervous system.
(Watch the video to learn more about how the interneurons carry messages between sensory and motor nerves. Describe the process below.)
How do interneurons carry messages?
Reflex Arcs- page 6
Focus Question:
How does the spinal cord coordinate our reflexes?
Define Reflex-
(Use the Knee Jerk Reflex Worksheet below and fill it in as you view the video. Always watch videos once through before filling in the worksheet. It helps to see the anatomy and processes multiple times.)
Knee Jerk Reflex (Reflex Arc) Video Worksheet
1. Doctors use a rubber mallet to test the function of your nervous system. They tap the tendon below your kneecap and your leg kick’s out in response. This is a ______reflex.
2. The knee-jerk reflex also works without thinking because reflexes don’t require the ______.
3. In a knee-jerk reflex, sensory impulses from the knee tendon are carried to the ______. In response, ______impulses are sent to the muscles of the knee so it kicks out.
4. A ______is the shortest nerve pathway between the spinal cord and a corresponding muscle or gland and usually includes only two or three neurons.
5. The five parts of a reflex arc are a receptor, a ______neuron, an ______, a ______neuron, and an effector.”
6. A reflex arc starts with a ______at the receptor.
7. The impulse moves along a sensory neuron, through the ______root.
8. The impulse moves into your spinal cord where it passes to an ______.
9. The interneuron processes the signal and sends it through the ______root to a motor neuron.
10. The ______neuron passes the impulse to one of your muscles or glands to stimulate a response.
Assessment
Complete the 03.02 The Spinal Cord quiz
3.03-The Brain
Regions of the Brain-page 2, 3, 4
Focus Question:
What separates the parts of the brain? (page 2)
Focus Question:
What are the three main regions of the brain? (page 3)
Define corpus callosum-
1. Forebrain-
2. Midbrain-
3. Hindbrain-
Focus Question:
Can you identify the major parts of the brain and their functions? (Page 4)
Cerebrum-
Cerebellum-
Cerebral Cortex-
Corpus Callosum-
Pons-
Medulla Oblongata-
Thalamus-
Hypothalamus-
Pituitary Gland-
Brain Stem-
Frontal Lobe-
Parietal Lobe-
Occipital Lobe-
Temporal Lobe-
Assessment
Complete the 03.03 The Brain quiz.
3.04-The Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Pathways
Autonomic Nervous System-page 2
Focus Question:
What are the main differences between the sensory somatic and autonomic nervous systems?
The peripheral nervous system is divided into the sensory somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system
(Use the Chart on the lesson page to fill in the one below)
Feature / Sensory Somatic Nervous System / Autonomic Nervous SystemControl
Effector organs
Number of neurons from the CNS to the effector
Effect of nerve impulse on muscle
Sympathetic Nervous System-page 3
Focus Question:
What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system?
(Watch the video for the details you need to answer this question. Don’t forget to describe the “Fight or Flight” response.)
Parasympathetic Nervous System-page 4
Focus Question:
What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system?
The parasympathetic nervous system does the opposite of the sympathetic system. It calms your body after a crisis and reestablishes homeostasis.
(Use the Chart on the lesson page to fill in the one below)
Effector organ / Sympathetic nervous system / Parasympathetic nervous systemEye
Sweat gland
Heart
Blood vessels
Lungs
Gastrointestinal tract
Fat cells
Nerve Pathways-page 5
Focus Question:
What are the nerve pathways of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve impulses-page 6
Focus Question:
How do sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve impulses differ from one another?
A nerve impulse from the sympathetic nervous system enters an organ by a different pathway than an impulse from the parasympathetic nervous system, but a different path doesn't necessarily change the message delivered. It is the neurotransmitter used by each system that explains the different reactions of the organs.
Neurotransmitter-
Norepinephrine-
Acetylcholine-
Assessment
Follow the detailed instructions on page 7 of the lesson. Make sure to look the student example and rubric for guidance.
3.05-Nerve Conduction
Nerve Conduction-page 3
Focus Question:
How are signals sent from the nervous system to other areas and parts of our body?
(Use the Signal Transmission Worksheet below and fill it in as you view the video.)
Signal Transmission Worksheet
Word Bank: action, axons, bridge, impulse, increase, inhibit, membrane, negative, neurotransmitters, one, positive, resting, reverses, synapses, touch
1. A nerve ______is a wave of chemical and electrical charges that move along a neuron.
2. A neuron’s resting state has a ______charge inside and a ______charge on the outside.
3. The difference in charge on either side of a nerve cell membrane is referred to as a ______potential.
4. The membrane potential in a resting neuron is called a ______potential.
5. Nerve impulses occur when electrical charges across a neuron’s cell membrane ______.
6. An ______potential involves the reversal and restoring of the charges across a neuron cell membrane.
7. Nerve impulses move through a cell in ______direction.
8. Most neurons do not ______each other nor do they touch the organs to which they send messages.
9. Nerve impulses move across spaces called ______via specific chemical messages referred to as ______.
10. Special structures located on the ends of ______release neurotransmitters into the synapse when an impulse is received.
11. Neurotransmitters act as a ______and carry the nerve impulses across the synapse where the impulse is received by the adjacent neuron.
12. Caffeine can ______synaptic transmissions, leading to sleeplessness and nervousness.
13. Harmful drugs can ______the ability of synapses to function properly.
Parts Of A Synapse-page 4
Focus Question:
What are the components of a nerve pathway?
Nerve pathways include ______neurons, interneurons, and ______neurons. These nerve pathways are often referred to as ______because they transmit electrical impulses.
Neurons create electrical impulses using ______potentials. An ______potential is a temporary change in electrical potential that occurs between the inside and the outside of a nerve or muscle fiber. It generates a nerve impulse that moves across the axon of a neuron. Once the signal reaches the end of the axon, a chemical called a ______moves the signal to the next neuron in the nerve pathway.
(Use the Neuromuscular Junction Transmission Worksheet below and fill it in as you view the video.)
Neuromuscular Junctions
Word Bank: acetylcholine, acetylcholinesterase, axon, dendrite, end plate potential synapse, excite, motor end plate, neurotransmitter, neuromuscular, opens, receptor protein, synaptic vesicles
1. In a neural circuit, the ______(sender) of one neuron transmits its impulse to the ______(receiver) of another neuron.
2. There is a space called a ______between the neurons.
3. The synapse between a neuron and a muscle cell is a ______junction.
4. A nerve impulse is passed through to the end of an axon of a motor neuron, which is filled with ______.
5. When a ______is released into the synaptic junction, it bonds to a ______on the membrane of a muscle cell.
6. When ______bonds with the receptor protein of a muscle cell, it ______the sodium and potassium gates of the region at the same time. This small region of the muscle cell is called the ______.
7. Opening both ion gates at the same time causes an ______.
8. End plate potentials stimulate adjacent regions of the muscle to create true action potentials that ______muscle contraction.
9. In order to prevent the free acetylcholine from reattaching and starting another muscle contraction, the enzyme, ______, deactivates the free acetylcholine.
Myoneural Junction- page 5
Focus Question:
How are signals sent from the nervous system to other areas and parts of our body?
View each of the following nervous system structures using all objective magnifications listed:Spinal Cord, Neuromuscular Junction, and Axon and Axon Terminals. Notice the glial cells, motor neurons, myelin sheaths, axons, and axon terminals, which are labeled on the slides.
NERVOUS TISSUE WORKSHEET
As you view the tissue slides, draw your observations in the space provided. Include any written notes that may be helpful when you are studying and preparing for your assignment.
Tissue Slide / ObservationsSpinal Cord 1X
Central Canal 4X
Dorsal Horns 4X
Ventral Horns 4X
Dorsal Root 4X
Ventral Root 4X
Glial Cell in Dorsal Horn 20X
Neuromuscular Junction 10X
Neuromuscular Junction 40X
Axon and Axon Terminals 40X
Assessment
Follow the detailed instructions on page 6 of the lesson. Make sure to look the student example and rubric for guidance. (You can also diagram this process, if materials for developing a model are not available.)
3.06-Senses
Our Bodies Senses-page 2
Focus Question:
What are sensory organs and how do they work?
(View the video on the page for details for this Focus Questions)
Sensory Organs and Functions-page 3
Focus Question:
How do the structures of the sense organs relate to their functions?
(Use the Sense Organ Worksheet below and fill it in as you view the video.)
Sense Organ Worksheet
Word Bank: back, brain, camera, central nervous system, cochlea, cochlear , contracts, ear drum, fumes, interprets, iris, olfactory, olfactory bulbs, optic, ossicles, pinna , pressure, pupil, retina, taste buds, temperature, vibrates
1. Smells can be ______or vapors.
2. They travel into your nasal cavity which is lined with millions of ______sensors.
3. These sensors are nerve cells that convert the chemical message of the smell to a nerve impulse that travels through the skull to the ______which send the message to the brain.
4. The largest papillae are on the______of your tongue.
5. All papillae have taste receptor cells which are bundled together. We often call these bundles______.
6. When a flavor hits the taste buds, they send a nerve impulse to your brain that ______the flavor.
7. Your eye acts like a ______.
8. The ______is the colored part of your eye and the ______is the black portion.
9. The iris ______and relaxes to control the amount of light coming in and it focuses the light on the lens behind the pupil to form the image.
10. Then the lens focuses an upside down image onto the______in the back of your eye.
11. The retina converts the light to nerve impulses that travel through your ______nerve to your brain.
12. Your ______turns the image right-side up again.
13. Sound waves enter your ear through the ______and travel through the ear canal to your ______in the middle of your ear.
14. When the wave hits the ear drum it ______.
15. Vibration travels through the three tiniest bones in the human body, called the ______, to the cochlea.