Parenthetical (or, In-Text) Citations:

PAGE NUMBERS

We use page numbers in our parenthetical citations so readers can easily and quickly find our material in its original context. Since some sources (mostly e-sources) do not have page numbers visible on the computer screen, and since we cannot use the page numbers the printer creates (because each printer is different with different settings), we need to find some other way to help our readers find our borrowed material without making them read the entire piece. We have 2 options:

(1) SUBHEADINGS:

·  These are like mini-titles in longer articles that break up long stretches of text or separate the piece into sections. Think of a long newspaper or magazine article that has bold-faced labels for certain sections.

·  In our citations, we treat these subheadings like titles -- we capitalize the major words and place quotation marks around it.

·  For example, if "Jayne Smith" is the author of the article and the subheading is "The Economics of Global Warming," then our in-text citation =

o  (Smith “The Economics of Global Warming”).

·  If, for example, our article has no author, we'd use a truncated form of the article title and then the subheading. If the full title is "Political Science: When Politics Drives Science" and the subheading is the same as above, our in-text citation =

o  (“Political Science” “The Economics of Global Warming”).

(2) PARAGRAPH NUMBERS:

·  The same concept as above applies.

·  We use PN when we do not have page numbers and do not have subheadings....typically for short, one-page sources.

·  The PN do not have to appear on the source; since the article is short, it won't be a problem for us or our readers to count a few paragraphs.

·  Take the 2 examples from above, but replace the SH with PN:

o  (Smith par. 6) for a source with an author and

o  (“Political Science” par. 6) for a source that lacks an author.

* No matter what, some hint must be given in every in-text citation to the location of the borrowed material in its original context. Think of this as a checklist; look for #1, then #2, and then #3:

1.  the page number on which the material can be found

2.  the subheading under which it can be found or

3.  the paragraph number in which it can be found