Conftns-1C: Instructions for Authors of Papers Submitted for Publication in a Conference

GPS Time Synchronization System for K2K1ConfTNS-1dc: Instructions for Authors of Papers Submitted for Publication in a Conference Issue of the IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science1

H. G. Berns and R. J. Wilkes

F.A. Kirsten2 and E.J. Barsotti3

Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195 USA

23261 Gloria Terrace, Lafayette, California 94549

3Fermilab, P.O. Box 500, Batavia, Illinois 60510

Abstract

The K2K (KEK E362) long-baseline neutrino oscillations experiment requires synchronization of clocks with ~100 nsec accuracy at the near and far detector sites (KEK and Super-Kamiokande, respectively), which are separated by 250 km. The Global Positioning System (GPS) provides a means for satisfying this requirement at very low cost. In addition to low-resolution time data (day of year, hour, minute, second), commercial GPS receivers output a 1 pulse per sec (1PPS) signal whose leading edge is synchronized with GPS seconds rollovers to well within the required accuracy. For each beam spill trigger at KEK, and each event trigger at Super-Kamiokande, 50 MHz free-running Local Time Clock (LTC) modules at each site provide fractional-second data with 20 nsec ticks. At each site, two GPS clocks run in parallel, providing hardware backup as well as data quality checks.

Detailed instructions are given for preparing manuscripts in camera-ready format for publication in a Conference Issue of the Transactions on Nuclear Science. Papers published in Conference Issues are reproduced directly from the manuscript prepared by the author.

These instructions are intended to insure that papers will be reproduced clearly and in a uniform size and format. Authors are required to follow them explicitly.

Style instructions for various word processors are available.

I. Introduction

The K2K (KEK E362) long-baseline neutrino oscillations experiment (Fig. 1), which began data-taking in March, 1999, was designed to test atmospheric neutrino results from previous experiments indicating evidence for neutrino oscillations[1]. A newly constructed neutrino beamline at KEK, the Japanese national high energy physics laboratory located in Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, uses protons from the KEK 12 GeV proton synchrotron, targeted on a two-horn focusing system, to generate a broadband muon-neutrino beam of high purity (>98%) with mean energy on the order of 1 GeV. The secondary beam from the horn system passes through a 200m decay pipe, followed by a 100m earth berm, before entering the near detector experimental hall. The near detector system[2] consists of a 1 kT water Cherenkov detector followed by a Fine-Grained Detector system, composed of water tanks interleaved with 20 layers of scintillating fiber detectors, followed by a Pb-glass detector, and a muon detector. Super-Kamiokande[3], located 250 km away near Kamioka, Gifu Prefecture, serves as the far detector. Super-Kamiokande is located in a mine with >1 km rock overburden in all directions.

Trigger rates at Super-Kamiokande are low enough that the expected arrival time window for KEK beam neutrinos only needs to be determined to within a few microsec. The Global Positioning System (GPS) provides a means for easily satisfying this requirement at very low cost. This paper will decribe the time synchronization system constructed for that purpose, which in fact has accuracy on the order of 100 nsec.

The IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science (TNS) is a publication of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) that is issued six times a year. Each issue has a thin section consisting of papers that were submitted directly to TNS. These papers have been re-formatted by IEEE into a very uniform, standard format. Some issues also include a thicker section which is a Conference Issue. Conference Issues contain only papers that originated in a specific IEEE conference or symposium. Examples are the Nuclear Science Symposium/Medical Imaging Conference (NSS/MIC) and the Real-Time Computer Conference (RTC).

The papers in a Conference Issue are published directly from camera-ready manuscripts that are prepared by the authors. It is imperative that such manuscripts be prepared in a manner that results in a uniform appearance. This document presents detailed instructions for the formatting of such manuscripts. This document also serves as a model for a properly formatted manuscript.

The object of these instructions is to result in camera-ready manuscripts that have a uniform appearance that is as close as is practicable to that of papers in a "thin" issue (See, for example, Part II of Vol. 43, No.1, February 1996).

To achieve this uniform appearance, it is required that authors follow the instructions in this document. Manuscripts that do not conform may be rejected unless the appearance is corrected.

In this document, the words “paper” and “manuscript” are used. “PThe word “paper” refers to the technical content of the document prepared by the author. “Manuscript” refers to the pages that convey the technical content of the paper.

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1 Acknowledgements of support and other footnotes to the title appear at the bottom of the first column and are set in 9 point typeWork supported by US-DOE grant DE-FG03-96ER40956/B.

of the document prepared by the author. The "manuscript" consists of the pages that convey the information in the paper.

II. II. GPS Timing

The Structure of a Paper

II.

GPS consists of 27 satellites maintained by the US Department of Defense (DOD), each transmitting coordinated “GPS Time” according to its onboard atomic clock[4]. GPS Time differs from UTC only in the absence of the leap seconds which are periodically inserted in UTC. Most GPS receivers (including ours) automatically take the shift into account using data downloaded from the satellites, so the time reported is UTC. The satellites’ onboard clocks are regularly conditioned to match GPS time according to a ground-based reference clock system (actually a large number of high-precision atomic time standards). The satellites also broadcast their ephemerides, so their position in space can be accurately calculated as a function of time. The ephemerides also are regularly recalculated and updated. With each satellite’s position in space known to high accuracy from its ephemeris, users’ receivers can fit for their position and time (x,y,z,t) if four or more satellites are simultaneously in view.

Since the GPS satellites are constantly referenced to a national standards laboratory time base, the GPS system provides a simple and inexpensive way to obtain high precision absolute time, synchronized to UTC, without purchasing and constantly recalibrating a set of atomic clocks. The GPS system is designed to give standard errors of about 150m on a single position fit and 150 nsec relative to UTC on a single time fit. For a fixed antenna location, as in K2K, long-term averaging of the measured antenna coordinates provides improved accuracy. A. Abstract Contents

The abstract should contain from 50 to 200 words and should concisely state what was done, how it was done, principal results and their significance. The abstract will appear later in various abstracts journals and should contain the most critical information of the paper.

B. Introduction Contents

The Introduction expands upon the Abstract, presenting background information on the work, the history of the subject matter, why the work presented in the paper was done, and why it is significant.

C. The Body of the Paper

The body of the paper presents the work in a clear and understandable manner. The body is normally divided into sections, subsections and sub-subsections as required to enhance the readability of the paper.

Readers of TNS are expected to be technically knowledgeable, but not necessarily specialists in the subjects being treated. Sufficient detail should be given that someone acquainted with the field of work (not necessarily an expert) can understand the relevance of the work, how it was done, and possible applications of the work. On the other hand, papers should not be longer than necessary to carry the significant information. For example, detailed operating instructions for an electronic device are usually not appropriate in a TNS article. Most papers will contain between three and eight pages. More than eight pages is rare and strongly discouraged.

Tables and figures may be included where they aid in the presentation of the work in a significant manner. Tables and figures should be sized such that they contrast appropriately with the text in the paper and thus are not excessively large or small.

D. Conclusions Contents

Authors may optionally include a Conclusions section at the end of the body of the paper. The Conclusions sectionIt can be used to summarize the salient points of the paper, the important results, the state of completion of the work, and further work that needs to be done. This sectionIt should not, however, simply repeat statements made in other parts of the paper.

E. Acknowledgments and References Sections

The Acknowledgments and References sections are at the very end of the paper. The Acknowledgments section can be used to recognize sponsors of the work, or others who have contributed to the success of the work.

It is important to include a References section. It should give references to previous works that were an important foundation to the development of the work described in your paper. Where specific manufactured products are mentioned in the paper, the name and address of the manufacturer should be cited in the References. (See also Section V in this paper.)

III. Overview of the K2K Time Synchronization SystemManuscripts

The GPS system provides UTC (Universal Time, Coordinated) timestamps for K2K data at both sites. Beam spill times are logged at KEK, and each event trigger is timestamped at Super-Kamiokande (SK). An overall block diagram for the K2K system is shown in Fig. 2, and for the SK system in Fig. 3.

The system hardware consists of the following main components at each site:

• Primary receiver (TrueTime Model XL-DC [5])
• Backup receiver (Motorola UT+Oncore [6])
• Local Time Clock (LTC) board

The LTC board, designed and built at UW, is a VME 6U board containing a free-running 50 MHz oscillator/counter, with additional circuitry required for interfacing.

At KEK, the backup receiver and the LTC board are housed in a VME crate located in the North Hall Control Room, which is connected by a Bit-3 interface to a Pentium PC running Slackware Linux. The primary receiver is mounted in the same rack, and the antennae are mounted on the control room roof.

At Super-K, the LTC board sits in a VME crate in the detector's central electronics hut, connected via Bit-3 interface to a Sun Sparc-20 running Solaris. . The antennae are mounted on an external building near the mine entrance, which is also used to house the receivers, which areand connected to the central hut via a 2 km optical fiber with electro-optical converters at each end. Delay time introduced by the optical fiber link has been directly calibrated.

Each receiver produces two kinds of output: a 1-PPS square-wave signal whose leading edge is correlated with the beginning of UTC seconds to within the specified precision, and an ascii data stream containing complete GPS data (latitude, longitude, altitude, date, time down to milliseconds, housekeeping data). The 1 PPS signal is used to calibrate the LTC counter. At each 1-PPS leading edge, the LTC counter reading is recorded. Thus the actual number of nominal 20 nsec LTC oscillator “ticks” per UTC second is calibrated. A 300-sec running average for the oscillator rate is maintained.

Upon receipt of each each trigger pulse (representing time of beam spill at KEK, or hardware trigger at Super-K), the LTC count and the GPS ascii data are latched and recorded. The LTC count provides the fractional second of the trigger, down to 20 nsec precision, accurately synchronized with UTC within 100 nsec. The ascii data provide the date and coarse time down to seconds. At KEK, the TrueTime receiver has an additional option module installed which records the "event time" (trigger pulse arrival) directly, with 30 nsec precision. Thus we have redundant estimates of the spill time in high resolution, from the commercial receiver plus our own LTC.

Fig. 4 shows how high-precision trigger times in UTC are derived from the 1-PPS and LTC data. All raw data are logged at both sites for all triggers, to provide a backup for the realtime data transmission between sites, and also to provide information for continuous data-quality checking.

This document is an example of the required layout and format of manuscripts submitted for publication in the Conference Issue of an NSS/MIC or an RTC.

Manuscripts must be printed on only one side of a page. The paper size must be U.S. Letter size paper (8.5 x 11 in) or A4 Letter paper (21.0 x 29.7 cm). They must be printed on a printer having 300 dots/inch, or better, resolution.

A. Two-Column Format

Manuscripts must have two columns per page. Column parameters are listed in Table 1.

Table 1

Column Parameters.

The printed area of the manuscript should be centered on the page. Appropriate margins for accomplishing this are in Table 2.

Table 2

Margin specifications for the two paper sizes

B. Fonts

A proportionally-spaced, serif font is required. The strongly preferred font is Times, which is available in most word processors including LATEX (in LATEX, an equivalent font is acceptable if Times is not available). An exception to this is that lettering in figures is typically of a sans serif typeface (e.g., Helvetica or Geneva). The main body of the manuscript is in 10 point font. The line spacing should result in about 6 lines per inch. Table 3 summarizes the font sizes to use in various parts of the manuscript. A non-proportionally-spaced font such as courier should not be used in the text, in figure or table captions, or within a figure or table.

C. Format of Title of Paper and Authors' Names

Center the title on the page so it runs across the upper portion of both columns on the first page, but stays within the left and right margins. The title should be in a 14 point font, using upper and lower case letters (not all capitals).

The initials and last name(s) of the author(s), their organizations, and their mailing addresses should appear on separate lines, in upper and lower case letters. In the case of multiple authors, initials and last names of all authors should appear together, one or more authors to a line. Likewise, author’s organizations and mailing addresses should appear together, preferably one to a line when practical to do so. Use 12 point type for author names and 10 point for organization names and addresses. Allow 0.4 in (1.0 cm) between the organization address(es) and the top of the columns on page 1. See the title of this document for an example.

D. Heading Formats

In this document you will see examples of the proper formats for section headings and for table and figure headings. Specifications for these headings are given in Table 3. Note that there must be a double space between the enumeration character(s) and the text of the heading.

E. Subsection Heading Format

The above is an example of a subsection heading.

1) Sub-subsection Heading Format

The above is an example of a sub-subsection heading.

IV. System performanceFigures and Tables

The KEK system was set up at the end of September, 1998. In October, 1998, the SK system, which had been in operation since 1996 with only the TrueTime primary clock and an earlier version of the LTC board, was upgraded to match the KEK system.

GPS receivers require 4 or more satellites in view simultaneously to initially determine their antenna's geodetic coordinates and time shift relative to GPS time. After this survey, which typically takes 24 hr, time synchronization can be maintained with only one satellite in view at a time. For a survey covering several days, we had 4 or more satellites in view 100% of the time at KEK and 1 or more in view all of the time at Super-K. The probability of having only 1 satellite in view is about 6e-05 at Superk, and zero for KEK. During brief periods of satellite blackout, time synchronization depends upon internal oscillator stability. The TrueTime receiver provides drift less than 1 part in 106 per 24 hr, so the system is extremely unlikely to lose synchronization during very brief blackouts.

Fig. 5 shows the time jitter of the 1 PPS leading edges of the KEK Motorola clock, relative to the TrueTime 1 PPS signal. The jitter distribution has HWHM <100 nsec.

Fig. 6 shows LTC oscillator drift statistics. Although the LTC uses a simple, uncompensated 50 MHz quartz oscillator circuit, the technique of 300-sec running averages provides more than adequate effective stability, allowing overall system performance well within the limits required. In Fig. 7, the upper plot shows oscillator drift relative to the nominal 50 MHz frequency over a 1-week period, in Hz. The center plot shows drift in Hz relative to the running average (ie, the difference between the actual count and the count expected from the running average) in Hz for 20-minute intervals. The lower plot is a histogram of the center plot, indicatesing that deviations >1 Hz/50 MHz are unlikely, and deviations greater than 3 Hz/50 MHz are not seen.