NAME______PERIOD______

Chapter 4 Sections 3 & 4 (pages 86 – 95)

FEATURES OF GOVERNMENT

  1. The world is made up of nearly200independent countries.
  2. What are the functions of government?Make and enforce policies and laws that are binding for all people living in the territory.

LEVELS OF GOVERNMENT

  1. What layers of government do most large countries have?A national or central government, as well as governments of smaller internal divisions such as Provinces, states, countries, cities, towns, and villages.
  2. Define unitary system.The central government is supreme, and the administrative divisions exercise only powers that the central government has delegated to them. Subdivisional units are created and abolished, and their powers may be broadened and narrowed by the central government. The United Kingdom, for example, is a unitary state, as its constituent countries — England, Scotland, Wales, and NorthernIreland — have no power to challenge the constitutionality of acts of Parliament.
  3. Define federal system~is the common government of a federation. The structure of federal governments varies from institution to institution. There are two or more levels of government that exist within an established territory and govern through common institutions with overlapping or shared powers as prescribed by a constitution. Central governmentresponsibilities maintain national security and exercise international diplomacy, including the right to sign binding treaties. Basically, the central government has the power to make laws for the whole country, unlike the situation with local governments.
  4. Define confederation~ Similar to a federal System, it is a loose union of independent territories.

TYPES OF GOVERNMENT

  1. What question helps to classify government authority?Who Governs the state?
  2. Define autocracy. How do autocrats achieve and maintain their position? Rule by one Person-Oldest form of government systems, achieve and maintain their position of authority through inheritance or by ruthless military or police power. Several forms of Autocracy exist:Totalitarian Dictatorship: when a single leader determines government policy and seeks to control all aspects of social and economic life of citizens.Monarchy: A King or Queen exercises Supreme Power (Saudi Arabia).
  3. Define totalitarian dictatorship. How do dictators get power?is a political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life, Revolutions or rigged elections.
  4. Define monarchy. How do monarchies get power?Government were a King or Queen hold supreme power through inheritance.
  5. What is the difference between an absolute monarchy and a constitutional monarchy?Absolute Monarchy: The King or Queen hold complete and unlimited power. Constitutional Monarchy: The King or queen shares power with the legislatures or considered ceremonial leaders.
  6. Define oligarchy. How do oligarchies get power?A government ruled by a small group of leaders by military power, social position, or a combination of the two.
  7. How can dictatorships and oligarchies give the appearance of control by the people?by claiming they rule for the people, but most of the time it's through harsh and cruel practices that places his or her own interests or the interests of an oligarchy over the best interests of the general population, which the tyrant governs or controls.
  8. Define democracy. How do democracies get power?Leaders rule with the consent of the people and hold their positions and get their power through votes and elections.
  9. What is the difference between a direct democracy and a representative democracy?Direct: All citizens decide on issues, Representative: Citizens elect officials to decide on important governmental decisions for them.
  10. What is a republic? Are all democracies republics?When a society overturns a Monarchy, it becomes a republic. A republic is a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people., No, United Kingdom is a democratic monarchy and is therefore not a republic.

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

  1. What are the three economic decisions governments must make?1)What should be produced? 2)How should it be produced? 3)Who gets what is produced?
  2. Define traditional economy. Give an example of a traditional economy.The three economic questions are answered according to tradition. Main features are Economic decisions, production, private property, trade. Inuit tribes in Canada.
  3. Define market economy~decisions about what and how much to produce, where to locate economic activities, and what prices to charge for goods and services are determined by laws of supply and demand. Individuals and Private groups have the right to own property and make decisions on what to produce.
  4. On which idea is a market economy based? Free Enterprise
  5. Define free enterprise. Private individuals and groups have the right to own property and make a profit with little government interference.
  6. What is another name for free enterprise?Capitalism
  7. Name a country with a pure market economy~ There are none
  8. What type of economy does the USA have?Mixed Economy
  9. Define mixed economy~ Government supports and regulates free enterprise through decisions that effect the market place. All modern economies are mixed where the means of production are shared between the private and public sectors.
  10. What influence do governments have on the modern mixed economy?Spend tax revenues to support social services, such as: Healthcare, education, and housing.
  11. Define command economy~ The government owns and directs the means of production and controls the distribution of goods.
  12. What are public taxes used for in a command economy?To support Social Services for all citizens.
  13. What type of economies are communism and socialism?Command Economies
  14. What decisions does the government make in a communist economy?decisions about what and how much to produce, where to locate economic activities, and what prices to charge for goods and services are made by a single, central government agency or authority.
  15. What is the job of the Communist Party in a communist economy?All Decisions concerning Government and Society
  16. What arguments are made by market system supporters against communism?Without the freedom to make decisions, people will not want to produce.
  17. What are the three main goals of socialism?Equal wealth, Controlled Society, Public ownership.

RESOURCES

  1. Define natural resource ~Elements on earth that can be are necessary for living. ..water and fuel.
  2. Define renewable resource. Give examples of a renewable resource.Cannot be used-up completely and can be Replaced naturally. Water
  3. Define non renewable resource. Give examples of a non-renewable resource.Minerals and fossil fuels....they is only a certain amount on earth and cannot be duplicated. Fossil Fuels.
  4. What is the immediate goal of conservation? What is the long term goal of conservation? To manage vital resources to meet society's needs.
  5. What is hydroelectric power?the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational force of falling or flowing water.
  6. What is solar energy?Systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated heat is then used as a heat source for a conventional power plant. In all of these systems a working fluid is heated by the concentrated sunlight, and is then used for power generation or energy storage.
  7. What is the drawback to solar energy?Solar energy is somewhat more expensive to produce than conventional sources of energy due in part to the cost of manufacturing PV devices and in part to the conversion efficiencies of the equipment. Solar power is a variable energy source, with energy production dependent on the sun. Solar facilities may produce no power at all some of the time, which could lead to an energy shortage if too much of a region's power comes from solar power.
  8. What is nuclear energy?the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and do useful work. Nuclear power plants provide about 6% of the world's energy and 13–14% of the world's electricity, with the U.S., France, and Japan together accounting for about 50% of nuclear generated electricity
  9. Why are there concerns with nuclear energy?nuclear power poses many threats to people and the environment. These threats include the problems of processing, transport and storage of radioactive nuclear waste, the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation and terrorism, as well as health risks and environmental damage from uranium mining.
  10. Use the map Page 92:
  1. Where in the USA is petroleum found?Southern United States and Alaska
  2. What resources are found in South Africa? gold, chromium, antimony, coal, iron ore, manganese, nickel, phosphates, tin, rare earth elements, uranium, gem diamonds, platinum, copper, vanadium, salt, natural gas
  3. What resources are found in Australia?bauxite, coal, iron ore, copper, tin, gold, silver, uranium, nickel, tungsten, rare earth elements,mineral sands, lead, zinc, diamonds, natural gas, petroleum.
    note:Australia is the world's largest net exporter of coal accounting for 29% of global coal exports.
  4. What is the land use in the middle section of Africa?Subsistence Farming
  5. What is the land use in the south, east, and middle USA and Western Europe?Commercial Farming/manufacturing and Trade

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

  1. How are natural resources distributed?unevenly
  2. Countries specialize in economic activities to best suit their __Resources__.
  3. Define primary economic activities. Give examples of primary economic activities.The primary sector of the economy extracts or harvests products from the earth. The primary sector includes the production of raw material and basic foods. Activities associated with the primary sector include agriculture (both subsistence and commercial), mining, forestry, farming, grazing, hunting and gathering, fishing, and quarrying.
  4. Where are most primary economic activities located?Near the Natural Resource being used.
  5. Define secondary economic activities. Give examples of secondary economic activities.The secondary sector of the economy manufactures finished goods. All of manufacturing, processing, and construction lies within the secondary sector. Activities associated with the secondary sector include metal working and smelting, automobile production, textile production, chemical and engineering industries, aerospace manufacturing, energy utilities, engineering, breweries and bottlers, construction, and shipbuilding.
  6. Where do secondary economic activities usually occur?Close to the Resource or close to the market for finished goods.
  7. Define tertiary economic activities. Give examples of tertiary economic activities.The tertiary sector of the economy is the service industry. This sector provides services to the general population and to businesses. Activities associated with this sector include retail and wholesale sales, transportation and distribution, entertainment (movies, television, radio, music, theater, etc.), restaurants, clerical services, media, tourism, insurance, banking, healthcare, and law.
  8. Do tertiary economic activities involve directly acquiring or remaking of natural resources? NO
  9. Define quaternary economic activities. Give examples of quaternary economic activities.The quaternary sector of the economy consists of intellectual activities. Activities associated with this sector include government, culture, libraries, scientific research, education, and information technology.
  10. What type of professionals work in quaternary economic activities?"White Collar" Professionals working in Government, business, and research.
  11. Developed Country~ country that has developed its human resources to a high degree. Each country either uses local natural resources or imports raw materials to support its prosperous urban, industrial population. Higher Education, better healthcare services, greater wealth per person, Commercial farming, higher technical skills and technology, and overall better standard of Living.
  12. In developed countries what are the main economic activities?Manufacturing or Service Industry
  13. Describe farming in developed countries.Commercial Farming. Less farmers, better technology, higher yields.
  14. Define developing countries.countries are now struggling to develop their human resources by investing in education, health, and other social services. Many are attempting to create new jobs for their rapidly expanding populations by exploiting natural resources and building industry. Others, afflicted by debt, natural disasters, or war, are becoming poorer each year; some governments have used money from a high-priced resource like oil to modernize their countries. Few countries in the developing world, however, have enough money to pay for the staggering costs of modernization.
  15. Where are most of the world’s developing countries?Africa, Asia, and Latin America
  16. What is the main type of farming in developing countries?Subsistence Farming
  17. Define subsistence farming (glossary)-the land only produces enough crops to feed the farmer and his family. Everything grown is intended for use of the family or village
  18. Define industrialization.~ the spread of industry

WORLD TRADE

  1. Define import~ relying on oneanother for goods, services and ideas.
  2. Why do countries trade?unequal distribution of resources
  3. Define import~ resources or goods bought from another country
  4. Define export (glossary)~Commodities sent from one country to another for purposes of trade.
  5. Define multinational company~ a firm that does business throughout many places in the world.
  6. Where are most multinational companies headquartered? Where do most base manufacturing plants? In a developed country, and locate their base manufacturing plants in developing countries.
  7. Why would a government place a barrier to trade on another country? to encourage citizens to benefit from their own economy.
  8. Define tariff. A tax on imported goods
  9. Why do governments use tariffs?Influence people to buy products made in their home country.
  10. Define quota.number limitation of the quantity of a particular product that can be imported by a particular country.
  11. Define embargo~partial or complete prohibition of commerce and trade with a particular country, in order to isolate it. Embargoes are considered strong diplomatic measures imposed in an effort, by the imposing country, to elicit a given national-interest result from the country on which it is imposed. Embargoes are similar to economic sanctions and are generally considered legal barriers to trade, not to be confused with blockades, which are often considered to be acts of war..
  12. Define free trade~also called laissez-faire is a policy by which a government does not discriminate against imports or interfere with exports by applying tariffs (to imports) or subsidies (to exports). According to the law of comparative advantage the policy permits trading partners mutual gains from trade of goods and services. Under a free trade policy, prices are a reflection of true supply and demand, and are the sole determinant of resource allocation.
  13. What is GATT? What did GATT become?General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (typically abbreviated GATT) was negotiated during the UN Conference on Trade and Employment and was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO). GATT was signed in 1947 and lasted until 1993, when it was replaced by the World Trade Organization in 1995. The original GATT text (GATT 1947) is still in effect under the WTO framework, subject to the modifications of GATT 1994, WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO).
  14. Define NAFTA~is an agreement signed by the governments of Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America.
  15. What is the world’s largest trading bloc?European Union (EU)
  16. Define the EU.The European Union is a unique economic and political partnership between 27 European countries. It has delivered half a century of peace, stability, and prosperity, helped raise living standards, launched a single European currency, and is progressively building a single Europe-wide market in which people, goods, services, and capital move among Member States as freely as within one country.

The EU was created in the aftermath of the second world war. The first steps were to foster economic cooperation: countries that trade with one another are economically interdependent and will thus avoid conflict.

  1. What is a euro?Currency for various countries that form the EU in Europe.

PEOPLE AND THE ENVIRONMENT

  1. Define pollution~ unclean or un-pure elements into the air, water, and land.
  2. How can water become polluted?Oil Spills, fertilizers, pesticides, infected clean water.
  3. How can land become polluted?Chemical waste, nuclear waste and contaminated soil.
  4. What is the main cause of air pollution? burning of Fossil fuels by industries and cars.
  5. Define acid rain.Acidic chemicals mixed with rain that cause harm to the environment.
  6. What affects does acid rain have?Eats away surfaces of buildings, kills fish, and destroys forests.
  7. Define photosynthesis.process in which plants take in Carbon dioxide and sunlight to produce carbohydrates.
  8. Define global warming.contributing to a general increase of the earth's temperatures.
  9. What do some scientists believe will happen from global warming?glaciers will melt causing a rise in sea levels and flood costal cities and submerge small islands.
  10. Define ecosystem.Places where plants and animals are dependent on one another and the environment for survival.