Name______

Biology Mid-Term Exam Review 2012 – 13

ANSWERKEY

Chapter 1

  1. The science or study of life is called Biology.
  1. Define biosphere: part of the Earth where all organisms live.
  1. Define ecosystem: organisms and the non-living factors in an area.
  1. Define population: a group of the same species in an area.
  1. List the 8 characteristics of life (Is virus a living thing? – NO)

1. made of at least one cell

2. reproduce

3. based on universal genetic code (have DNA and/or RNA)

4. grow and/or develop

5. obtain and use energy

6. respond to their environment

7. maintain stable internal environment (homeostasis)

8. evolve over time (as a group)

  1. What is the smallest unit of life capable of carrying out all life functions?cell
  1. Several tissues together make up an organ.
  1. A red blood cell is an example of what level of organization? cellular
  1. What microscope is used to view the internal structures of a specimen? Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
  1. What microscope shows 3D surface structures? Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
  1. Which microscope uses a beam of electrons to make a specimen visible? Electron Microscope
  1. What happens to the field of view of a microscope as the magnification increases? It decreases
  1. List the function of the following microscope parts:
  2. stage – holds specimen or slide
  3. eyepiece – lens you look through to view specimen (ocular lens)
  4. diaphragm – adjusts amount of light
  5. objective lens – increases or decreases magnification
  6. revolving nosepiece – turns objective lens
  1. List the magnification of the following:
  2. eyepiece 10x
  3. low power objective lens x eyepiece 4 x 10 = 40
  4. high power objective lens x eyepiece 40 x 10 = 400
  1. What lab equipment is used to measure volume? Graduated cylinder
  1. What scientific unit is used to measure volume? Milliliter (mL) or liter (L)
  1. What scientific unit is used to measure length? meter
  1. What is the scientific unit of measure for mass? gram
  1. List the 6 steps of the scientific method in order:

1. Purpose

2. Research

3. Hypothesis

4. Experiment

5. Analysis

6. Conclusion

  1. What is the control in an experiment? Where the experimental variable is missing
  1. What is an independent variable? The variable the experimenter changes
  1. What is a dependent variable? The variable that changes as a result of the independent variable
  1. What is the name of the idea that life could come from nonliving matter? Spontaneous generation.
  1. Who was the scientist that disproved the hypothesis of spontaneous generation by using a curved neck flask? Pasteur
  1. Which scientist had the hypothesis that flies produce maggots and tested it using jars and meat?Redi

Redi- Experimented with covered jars to disprove spontaneous generation.

Needham- Heated gravy & found microorganisms a few days later (wanted to prove spontaneous generation).

Spallanzani- Boiled gravy in flask and sealed it to support Redi.

Pasteur- Used flask with covered neck to prove that spontaneous generation was not true.

  1. Review lab safety rules.

Chapter 18

1. Define taxonomy: science of classifying organisms

  1. What are reasons for classifying organisms? makes them easier to study, organizes living things, shows evolutionary relationships
  1. List the levels of classification in order, starting with Domain.

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

  1. The Phylum Chordata includes humans and other vertebrates and invertebrates. They have the features such as pharyngeal slits,dorsal nerve cord,notochord, post-anal tail at some point in their life (in the case of humans and many other vertebrates, these features may only be present in the embryo).

4. The practice of using two word names for scientific names is known as binomial

nomenclature

  1. Linnaeus’ classification was based on structural / physical similarities.
  1. The modern taxonomistsstudy the following characteristics of organisms to determine relationships among organisms.

Structural similarities, DNA, Biochemical similarities, Embryological development, Reproductive potential, Evolutionary history.

  1. In the name Canis lupus, which name is the genus and which is the species?

Canis is the genus; lupus is the species

  1. Define species- a group of organisms that can reproduce and produce fertile offspring
  1. What does a cladogram show? The evolutionary relationships among organisms / the taxonomic relationships
  1. A phylogenetic (or family) tree illustratestaxonomic relationships.
  1. Define the following:

a. prokaryote- organism without membrane bound organelle such as a nucleus

  1. eukaryote- organism with membrane bound organelle such as a nucleus
  1. autotroph- organism that makes its own food (producer)
  1. heterotroph- organism that does not make its own food (consumer)
  1. List the six kingdoms with at least one example of an organism for each

Kingdom

/

Organisms

Archaebacteria

/ Bacteria that live in extreme environments; halophiles
Eubacteria / True bacteria, such as streptococcus (the bacteria that causes strep throat)
Protista / Paramecium, Amoeba, Euglena
Fungi / Mold, mushrooms, yeast
Plantae / Ferns, flowers, shrubs, trees, mosses

Animalia

/ Humans, cats, sponges, coral, fish
  1. What is common to all six kingdoms of living organismsDNA

Chapter 2

1. Define matter – anything (except energy) that takes up space and has mass

  1. List examples of chemical properties: rusting, burning, decomposing
  1. Name the 3 subatomic particles and their charges:

a. proton – positive (+)

b. neutron – neutral (0)

c. electron – negative (-)

  1. A charged atom is called a(n) ion. (ex. Cations Anions)
  1. What particles are found in the nucleus? protonsneutrons
  1. What particles are found in energy levels outside the nucleus? electrons
  1. Protons plus neutrons equal the atomic mass or mass number.
  1. Forms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons are called isotopes.
  1. Two or more elements linked chemically are called compounds.
  1. A covalent bond is formed as the result of sharing an electron pair
  1. In an endothermic reaction, energy is absorbed.
  1. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.
  1. What is a solution? Even mixture of 2 or more substances
  1. What do we call the dissolved substance in a solution? solute
  1. The pH scale measures the concentration of Hydrogen ions in a solution.
  1. What numbers on the pH scale are very acidic? 0-3 Basic? 12-14Neutral? 7
  1. Since each step on the pH scale represents a factor of 10, how much more acidic is lemon juice (pH of 2.5) than acid rain (pH of 4.5)100 times.
  1. A compound that releases ions other than hydrogen or hydroxide ions is called a salt.
  1. Some insects can stand on the surface of water because of property of water calledCohesion
  1. The characteristic of water is responsible for preventing a lake from freezing solid is

- ice floats on a lake.

  1. What element is found in ALL organic compounds? Carbon
  1. Define monomer: single, building block molecule
  1. Define polysaccharide: large, complex sugar made up of linked monosaccharides
  1. What are the polymers of amino acids? proteins
  1. Define enzymes: proteins that speed up chemical reactions (end with – ase. Ex amylase)
  1. What part of the enzyme is involved in catalytic activity?active site
  1. What are the four organic compounds and what are their functions?

1. proteins – form structures such as muscle, etc; carry out chemical reactions

2. carbohydrates – provide energy

3. nucleic acids – store genetic information

4. lipids – store energy

Chapter 7

  1. Be able to label the cell parts of an animal

and plant cell.

  1. Who first used the term “cells?” Hooke

Who was the first person to identify and see cells? Leeuwenhoek

  1. What are the 3 things stated in the Traditional Cell Theory
  2. living things are composed of one or more cells

and cells come from existing cellsby the process of cell reproduction

  • cells are the basic units of structure and function of all living things
  • cells contain specialized structures to perform functionsnecessary for life

The Modern Cell Theory states the following 3 things (in addition to traditional cell theory)

  • Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells
  • Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) that is passed from cell to cell during cell division
  • All cells are basically the same in chemical compositionin organisms of similar species
  1. Differentiate between prokaryotes and Eukaryotes in the table below.

Prokaryotes
1. Do not contain memb bound organelle No nucleus
2. metabolism in cytoplasm
3.simple smaller, mostly unicellular
Ex - Bacteria
4.DNA is circular – present in cytoplasm / Eukaryotes
1.Contain memb bound organelle. Have nucleus.
2. Different parts perform different functions
3. complex larger mostly multicellular (exception yeast amoeba) Ex. Higher animals plants
4. DNA linear – inside nucleus
  1. Which organelle is found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Ribosome .
  1. What does rough endoplasmic reticulum have on it that smooth ER doesn’t? Ribosomes
  1. What are the organelles that make proteins? Ribosomes
  1. A cell with lots of ribosomes is probably specialized for protein synthesis.
  1. Which cell structure contains the cell’s genetic material and controls the cell’s activities? Nucleus
  1. What part of the nucleus allows molecules and RNA to leave the nucleus? Nuclear Pore
  1. The condensed strands of chromatin that contain the genetic material of cells are called Chromosome
  1. Which organelle converts food into compounds that the cell uses for energy? Mitochondria
  1. Compared to a skin cell, a muscle cell is likely to have more Mitochondria
  1. What is the main function of a cytoskeleton? keeps shape
  1. What is the main function of the cell wall? provide structure and protection
  1. Plant cells have a larger vacuole than animal cells.
  1. What are chloroplasts, leucoplasts and chromoplasts examples of ? Plastid

What kind of cells have plastids? Plant or animal? Plant

  1. A eukaryote having a nucleus, cell wall, chloroplasts and mitochondria would probably be a plant
  1. Of the following which structure(s) are/is found in all living organisms?
  2. DNA and/or RNA
  3. Mitochondria
  4. Nucleus
  5. Cell wall
  1. An important difference between viruses & living cells are that viruses cannot reproduce outside of cells
  1. What is the phospholipid layer of a cell that controls what enters and leaves the cell? cell membrane
  1. What are the channels made of that are embedded in the cell membrane? protein
  1. What three things can pass through a cell membrane or cell wall easily?H2O, O2, CO2
  1. Which molecule us most abundant in human body cells? _H2O
  1. What is the diffusion of water called? osmosis
  1. During diffusion, which way do the molecules move? high  low

Where do molecules move from during active transport? Low  High

  1. What kind of transport needs energy? active
  1. What happens when a cell is placed into a hypertonic solution? Water leaves and shrinks

What happens when a cell is placed into an isotonic solution? stays the same

What happens when a cell is placed into a hypotonic solution? Water enters and swells

  1. If an animal cell is surrounded by fresh water, what will happen to the cell? Burst

What kind of solution is fresh water for animal cell: hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic? hypotonic

  1. If a cell had a salt concentration of 10% inside it and it was placed in a 5% salt solution, what would happen to the cell? SwellWhat kind of solution is outside: hypertonic, isotonic or hypotonic?
  1. When cells perform one specific function, that is called as cell _specialization.

Give an example of cell specialization.

Red Blood Cells

  1. Blood is considered a tissue because it is composed of different types of Cells working together and having specific functions.
  1. What determines cell shape? function
  1. Starting with a cell and ending with an organ system, what are the four levels of organization in multicellular organisms? cells, tissue, organ, organ system

CChapter 10

1.The larger a cell becomes, the less efficiently it is able to function as its volume increases faster than its surface area.

2.Before a normal cell becomes too large to carry out normal activities, it will usually divide to form two daughter cells.

3.The period of cell growth and development prior (before) division is called as interphase.

4.Together, the G1 phase, S phase, and G2 phase are called interphase.

5.The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called cell division.

6.Another name for cell division is the M phase.

7.When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible?during cell division

8.A cell that has 5 chromosomes in the G1 phase will have 10 chromatids in the G2 phase.

9.The number of sister chromatids in a human body cell that is entering cell division is 92

Figure 10-3

10. The structure labeled A in Figure 10-3 is called the cell plate.

11.The process shown in Figure 10-3 occurs only in plant cells that have just divided.

12.Look at Figure 10-3. The process shown occurs directly following mitosis. This process is called cytokinesis

13.During metaphase, each chromosome is connected to a(an) spindle fiber at its centromere and is lined up in the middle of the cell.

14.What makes normal cells grown in a petri dish tend to stop growing once they have covered the bottom of the dish? Contact with other cells

15. If a normal cell is touched on all sides by other cells and is injected with cyclin from a dividing cell, it probably will start dividing.

16. Proteins called cyclins regulate the timing of the cell cycle ineukaryotic cells.

17.Proteins that regulate the cell cycle based on events inside the cell are called internal regulators.

18.In all forms of cancer, the cancerous cells fail to respond to the signals that regulate the cell cycle of most cells.

19.What are the four phases of mitosis in their correct order?

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

20. The spindle helps to separate the chromosomes during mitosis.

21. The two main stages of cell division are mitosis and cytokinesis.

22. What happens during each phase of interphase?

  1. G1 - growth
  2. S – DNA replicates
  3. G2 – chromosomes condense, prepares for mitosis

23. When chromosomes replicate, you get sister chromatids.

24.During late telophase, cytokinesis begins.

25. Differentiation is the term used to describe the changes a cell undergoes as it develops and specializes.

26. Stem cells are cells that have not yet differentiated.

27. All other body cells except sex cells are called as somatic cells.

28. Diploid cells have 2 complete sets of chromosomes. Haploid cells have 1 set of chromosome.

29. What is a tumor?a mass of cells that have divided out of control

30. Which type of tumor can normally be removed successfully? benign

31. The structure that holds two sister chromatids together is called as a centromere.

32. Surface area to volume ratio decreases as cells get larger.

33.Calculate the following (use formula from the notes)

Cell Size (cm) / Surface Area (cm2) / Volume (cm3) / SA : V ratio
1 x 1 x 1 / 6 / 1 / 6:1
2 x 2 x 2 / 24 / 8 / 3:1
1 x 1 x 8 / 34 / 8 / 17:4

Will the 2x2x2 cell and the 1x1x8 cell have the same volume? Yes

Which of the three will have the longest diffusion times thesame? (look at SA:V ratio) 2x2x2

Explain why? It has the least SA:V ratio

Do you know…

How to convert from English to Metric system

Functions of different parts and magnification of lenses of compound light microscope

The experiments performed by Redi, Needham, Spallanzani and Pasteur

How to use the dichotomous key and identify the given organism.

How to calculate Atomic number, Mass number, # of protons, # of neutrons, # of electrons

Identify structures of monomers and polymers of carbon compounds.

Structure and function of different parts of cells (how to identify and label parts of cells)

What happens to the cell when placed in Hypo Hyper Isotonic solution

How to calculate SA:V ratio

Use the following website to practice Identifying different phases of mitosis in onion root tip cells.

…… then you are prepared!

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