Articles That Qualified for Inclusion in This Review

Appendix A

Articles that qualified for inclusion in this review:

Altman J. D., Gross, K. L., Lowry, S. R., 2005. Nutritional and behavioral effects of gorge and fast feeding in captive lions. J.Appl. Anim.Welf. Sci. 8(1), 47-57. doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0801_4

Barry, K. J., Crowell-Davis, S. L., 1999. Gender differences in the social behavior of the neutered indoor-only domestic cat. Appl. Anim.Behav. Sci. 64(3), 193-211.

doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(99)00030-1

Bashaw, M. J., Kelling, A. S., Bloomsmith, M. A., Maple, T. L., 2007. Environmental effects on the behavior of zoo-housed lions and tigers, with a case study of the effects of a visual barrier on pacing. J. Appl. Anim.Welf. Sci. 10(2), 95-109. doi:10.1080/10888700701313116

Bennett, S. W., Mellen, J. D., 2005. Social interactions and solitary behaviors in a pair of captive sand cats (Felis margarita). Zoo Biol. 2(1), 39-46. doi:10.1002/zoo.1430020104

Bonanni, R., Cafazzo, S., Fantini, C., Pontier, D.,Natoli, E., 2007. Feeding-order in an urban feral domestic cat colony: relationship to dominance rank, sex and age. Anim.Behav. 74(5), 1369-1379. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.02.029

van den Bos, R., 1998. Post-conflict stress-response in confined group-living cats (Felis silvestriscatus).Appl. Anim.Behav. Sci. 59(4), 323-330. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(98)00147-6

van den Bos, R., de Vries, H. 1996. Clusters in social behaviour of female domestic cats (Felis silvestriscatus) living in confinement. J.Ethol. 14(2), 123-131.

doi: 10.1007/BF02348869

Bradshaw, W. S., Cook, S. E., 1996. Patterns of pet cat behaviour at feeding occasions.Appl. Anim.Behav. Sci., 47(1-2), 61-74. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(95)01011-4

Bradshaw, J., Cameron-Beaumont, C., 2000. The signalling repertoire of the domestic cat and its undomesticated relatives. In: Turner, D. C., Bateson, P. (Eds.),The domestic cat: The biology of its behaviour (2nd ed.).Cambridge UniversityPress,Cambridge, UK, pp.67-94.

Burgess J. W., Villablanca, J. R., 2007. Ontogenesis of morphine-induced behavior in the cat. Brain Res. 1134(1), 53-61. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2006.11.070

Burgener, N., Gusset, M., Schmid, H., 2008. Frustrated appetitive foraging behavior, stereotypic pacing, and fecal glucocorticoid levels in snow leopards (Uncia uncia) in the Zurich Zoo. J.Appl. Anim.Welf. Sci. 11(1), 74-83. doi:10.1080/10888700701729254

Cafazzo, S., Natoli, E., 2009. The social function of tail up in the domestic cat (Felis silvestriscatus). Behav. Process. 80(1), 60-66. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2008.09.008

Cameron-Beaumont, C. L., 1997. Visual and tactile communication in the domestic cat (Felis silvestriscatus) and undomesticated small felids. Doctoral dissertation.University of Southampton, UK. Retrieved from:

Cameron-Beaumont, C., Lowe, S. E., Bradshaw, J. S., 2002. Evidence suggesting preadaptation to domestication throughout the small Felidae. Biol. J.Linn. Soc. 75, 361–366. doi:10.1046/j.1095-8312.2002.00028.x

Carlstead, K., Brown, J. L., Seidensticker, J., 1993. Behavioral and adrenocortical responses to environmental changes in leopard cats (Felis bengalensis). Zoo Biol. 12(4), 321-331. doi:10.1002/zoo.1430120403

Carlstead, K., Brown, J. L., Strawn, W., 1993. Behavioral and physiological correlates of stress in laboratory cats. Appl. Anim.Behav. Sci. 38(2), 143-158.

doi:10.1016/0168-1591(93)90062-T

Caro, T.M., 1993. Behavioral solutions to breeding cheetahs in captivity: insights from the wild. Zoo Biol. 12, 19-30. doi:10.1002/zoo.1430120105

Dantas-Divers, L. M., Crowell-Davis, S. L., Alford, K., Genaro, G., D'Almeida, J. M., Paixao, R. L., 2011. Agonistic behavior and environmental enrichment of cats communally housed in a shelter. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 239(6), 796-802. doi:10.2460/javma.239.6.796

Dembiec, D. P., Snider, R. J., Zanella, A. J., 2004. The effects of transport stress on tiger physiology and behaviour. Zoo Biol. 23(4), 335-346. doi:10.1002/zoo.20012

De Rouck, M., Kitchener, A. C., Law, G., Nelissen, M.,2005. A comparative study of theinfluence of social housing conditions on the behaviour of captive tigers (Panthera tigris). Anim.Welf. 14(3), 299-238. Retrieved from:
/content/ufaw/aw/2005/00000014/00000003/art00007

Eckstein, R. A., Hart, B. L., 2000. The organization and control of grooming in cats. Appl. Anim.Behav. Sci. 68(2), 131-140. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00094-0

Edwards, C., Heiblum, M., Tejeda, A., Galindo, F., 2007. Experimental evaluation of attachment behaviors in owned cats. J. Vet.Behav. 2(4), 119- 125. doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2007.06.004

Ellis, S. L. H., Wells, D., 2010. The influence of olfactory stimulation on the behaviour of cats housed in a rescue shelter. Appl. Anim.Behav. Sci. 123, 56-62. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2009.12.011

Fazio, J., 2010. Behavioral assessment of the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa); A comparative study of reproductive success. Master’s thesis, George Mason University, USA. Retrieved from:

Feaver, J., Mendl, M., Bateson, P., 1986. A method for rating the individual distinctiveness of domestic cats. Anim. Behav. 34(4), 1016-1025. doi:10.1016/S0003-3472(86)80160-9

Feuerstein, N., Terkel, J., 2008. Interrelationships of dogs (Canisfamiliaris) and cats (Felis catus L.) living under the same roof. Appl. Anim.Behav. Sci. 113(1-3), 150-165. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2007.10.010

Finkler, H., Terkel, J., 2010. Cortisol levels and aggression in neutered and intact free-roaming female cats living in urban social groups. Physiol.and Behav. 99(3), 343-347. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.11.014

Finkler H., Gunther I.,Terkel J., 2011. Behavioral differences between urban feeding groups of neutered and sexually intact free-roaming cats following a trap-neuter-return procedure. J. Am. Vet. Med. Ass. 238(9), 1141-1149. doi:10.2460/javma.238.9.1141

Foreman, G. E., 1997. Breeding and maternal behaviour in Geoffroy's cats Oncifelisgeoffroyi. Int. Zoo Yearb. 35(1), 104-115. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1997.tb01198.x

Freeman, H., 1975. A preliminary study of the behaviour of captive snow leopards. Int. Zoo Yearb.15(1), 217-222. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1975.tb01403.x

Freeeman, H., 1983. Behavior in adult pairs of captive snow leopards (Panthera uncia). Zoo Biol. 2, 1-22. doi:10.1002/zoo.1430020102

Gartner, M. C., Powell, D., 2012. Personality assessment in snow leopards (Uncia uncia). Zoo Biol. 31(2), 151-165. doi:10.1002/zoo.20385

Geertsema, A. A., 1985. Aspects of the ecology of the serval Leptailurus serval in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania. Neth. J. Zool. 35(4), 527-610. doi:10.1163/002829685X00217

Gilkison, J. J., White, B. C., Taylor, S., 1997. Feeding enrichment and behavioural changes in Canadian lynx Lynxcanadensis at Louisville Zoo. Int. Zoo Yearb. 35(1), 213-216. doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1997.tb01212.x

Gouveia, K., Magalhães, A., de Sousa, L., 2011. The behaviour of domestic cats in a shelter: Residence time, density and sex ratio. Appl. Anim.Behav. Sci. 130(1-2), 53-59. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2010.12.009

Griffith, C.A., Steigerwald, E. S., Buffington, C. A., 2000. Effects of a synthetic facial pheromone on behavior of cats. J Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 217(8), 1154-1156. doi:10.2460/javma.2000.217.1154

Gustavsson, L., 2011. Evaluation of varied enrichment schedules for two feline and one primate species at Parken Zoo. Master’s thesis, Linköping University, Sweden. Retrieved from:

Hall, S. L., Bradshaw, J. S., 1998. The influence of hunger on object play by adult domestic cats. Appl. Anim.Behav. Sci. 58(1-2), 143-150. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(97)00136-6

Huber, C., Walzer, C., Slotta-Bachmayr, L., 2001. Evaluation of long-term sedation in cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) with perphenazineenanthate and zuclopenthixol acetate. J. Zoo Wildl. Med. 32(3), 329-35. Retrieved from
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Iki, T., Ahrens, F., Pasche, K. H., Bartels, A., Erhard, M. H., 2011. Relationships between scores of the feline temperament profile and behavioural and adrenocortical responses to a mild stressor in cats. App. Anim.Behav. Sci. 132(1-2), 71-80. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.03.008

Jenny, S., Schmid, H., 2002. Effect of feeding boxes on the behavior of stereotyping amur tigers (Panthera tigris altaica) in the Zurich Zoo, Zurich, Switzerland. Zoo Biol. 21(6), 573-584. doi:10.1002/zoo.10061

Krawczel, P.D., Friend, T.H., Windom, A., 2005. Stereotypic behavior of circus tigers: Effects of performance. Appl. Anim.Behav. Sci. 95(3-4), 189-198. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.04.010

Laurenson, M. K., 1995. Behavioral costs and constraints of lactation in free-living cheetahs. Anim.Behav. 50(3), 815-826. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80141-3

Law, G., Tatner, P., 1998. Behaviour of a captive pair of clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa): Introduction without injury. Anim.Welf. 7(1), 57-76. Retrieved from

Lowe, S. E., Bradshaw, J. S., 2001. Ontogeny of individuality in the domestic cat in the home environment. Anim.Behav. 61(1), 231-237. doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1545

Lyons, J., Young, R. J., Deag, J. M., 1997 The effects of physical characteristics of the environment and feeding regime on the behavior of captive felids. Zoo Biol. 16(1), 71-83. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1997)16:1<71::AID-ZOO8>3.0.CO;2-8

Mackinnon, K. M., 2008. Pairing clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa) in a captive breeding program. Master’s thesis, Washington State University, USA. Retrieved from:

Macri, A., Patterson-Kane, E., 2011. Behavioural analysis of solitary versus socially housed snow leopards (Panthera uncia), with the provision of simulated social contact. App. Anim.Behav. Sci. 130, 115-123. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2010.12.005

Maia, C.M., Volpato, G. L., Santos, E. F., 2012. A case study: The effect of visitors on two captive pumas with respect to the time of the day. J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 15(3), 222-235. doi:10.1080/10888705.2012.683758

Mallapur, A., Chellam, R., 2002. Environmental influences on stereotypy and the activity budget of Indian leopards (Panthera pardus) in four zoos in Southern India. Zoo Biol. 21(6), 585-595. doi:10.1002/zoo.10063

Margulis, S. W., Hoyos, C., Anderson, M., 2003. Effect of felid activity on zoo visitor interest. Zoo Biol. 22(6), 587-599. doi:10.1002/zoo.10115

Markowitz, H., Aday, C., Gavazzi, A., 1995. Effectiveness of acoustic “prey”: Environmental enrichment for a captive African leopard (Panthera pardus). Zoo Biol. 14(4), 371-379. doi:10.1002/zoo.1430140408

McCune, S., 1995. The impact of paternity and early socialisation on the development of cats' behaviour to people and novel objects. Appl. Anim.Behav. Sci. 45(1-2), 109-124. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(95)00603-P

McDole, E., (2007). Fish introduction to jaguars (Panthera onca): Response of zoo visitors and jaguars. Master’s Thesis. Georgia Institute of Technology, USA.Retrieved from:

McPhee, M E., 2002. Intact carcasses as enrichment for large felids: Effects on on- and off-exhibit behaviors. Zoo Biol. 21(1), 37-47. doi:10.1002/zoo.10033

Mellen, J. D., 1992. Effects of early rearing experience on subsequent adult sexual behavior using domestic cats (Felis catus) as a model for exotic small felids. Zoo Biol. 11(1), 17-32. doi:10.1002/zoo.1430110104

Mellen, J. D., 1993. A comparative analysis of scent-marking, social and reproductive behavior in 20 species of small cats. Am. Zool. 33, 151-166. doi:10.1093/icb/33.2.151

van Metter, J. E., Harriger, M. D., Bolen, R. H., 2008. Environmental enrichment utilizing stimulus objects for African lions (Panthera leo leo) and Sumatran tigers (Panthera tigris sumatrae). BIOS, 79(1), 7-16. doi:10.1893/0005-3155(2008)79[7:EEUSOF]2.0.CO;2

Mertens, C., Turner, D. C., 1988. Experimental analysis of human-cat interactions during first encounters. Anthrozoös, 2(2), 83-97. doi:10.2752/089279389787058109

Mills, D. S., Bailey, S. L., Thurstans, R. E., 2000. Evaluation of the welfare implications and efficacy of an ultrasonic ‘deterrent’ for cats. Vet. Rec. 147(24), 678-680. doi:10.1136/vr.147.24.678

Miller, A.,Kuhar, C. W., 2008. Long-term monitoring of social behavior in a grouping of six female tigers (Panthera tigris). Zoo Biol. 27(2), 89-99. doi:10.1002/zoo.20162

Mollá, M. I., Quevedoa, M. A., Castro, F., 2011. Bobcat (Lynx rufus) breeding in captivity: The importance of environmental enrichment. J. Appl. Anim.Welf. Sci. 14(2), 85-95. doi:10.1080/10888705.2011.551619

Molteno, A. J., Sliwa, A., Richardson, P. K., 1998. The role of scent marking in a free-ranging, female black-footed cat (Felis nigripes). J. Zool. 245(1), 35-41. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1998.tb00069.x

Moreira, N., Brown, J. L.,Moraes, W., Swanson, W. F., Monteiro-Filho, E. A., 2007. Effects of housing and environmental enrichment on adrenocortical activity, behavior and reproductive cyclicity in the female tigrina (Leopardus tigrinus) and margay (Leopardus wiedii). Zoo Biol. 26(6), 441-460. doi:10.1002/zoo.20139

Naidenko, S. V., 2001. Aggression in lynx adult-cub relations: Can it be a reason for the dissolution of litters? Ethol. Ecol. Evol. 13(3), 283-295. doi:10.1080/08927014.2001.9522777

Nevill, C. H., Friend, T. H., Windom, A. G., 2010. An evaluation of exercise pen use by circus tigers (Pathera tigris tigris). J. Appl. Anim.Welf. Sci. 13(2), 164-173. doi:10.1080/10888700903583459

Phillips, C., Peck, D., 2007. The effects of personality of keepers and tigers (Panthera tigris tigris) on their behaviour in an interactive zoo exhibit. Appl. Anim.Behav. Sci. 106(4), 244-258. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2007.01.007

Podberscek, A.L., Blackshaw, J.K., Beattie, A.W., 1991. The behaviour of laboratory colony cats and their reactions to a familiar and unfamiliar person. Appl. Anim.Behav. Sci. 31(1), 119-130. doi:10.1016/0168-1591(91)90159-U

Powell, D. M., 1995. Preliminary evaluation of environmental enrichment techniques for African lions (Panthera leo). Anim.Welf. 4(4), 361-370. Retrieved from

Quirke, T., O'Riordan R. M., 2012. Evaluation and interpretation of the effects of environmental enrichment utilizing varying degrees of sampling effort. Zoo Biol. 00, 1-11. doi:10.1002/zoo.21003

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Resende, L. S., Remy, G.L., Almeida Ramos, V., Andriolo, A., 2009. The influence of feeding enrichment on the behavior of small felids (Carnivora: Felidae) in captivity. Zoologia 26(4), 601-605. doi:10.1590/S1984-46702009000400003

Resende, L. S., Pedretti Gomes, K. C., Andriolo, A., Genaro, G., Remy, G.L., Almeida Ramos, V., 2011. Influence of cinnamon and catnip on the stereotypical pacing of oncilla cats (Leopardus tigrinus) in captivity. J. Appl. Anim.Welf. Sci. 14(3), 247-54. doi:10.1080/10888705.2011.576981

Ruiz-Miranda, C. R., Wells, S. A., Seidensticker, J., 1998. Vocalizations and other behavioral responses of male cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) during experimental separation and reunion trials. Zoo Biol. 17(1), 1-16. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1098-2361(1998)17:1
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Sajjad, S., Farooq, U., Anwar, M., Khurshid, A., Bukhari, S. A., 2011. Effect of captive environment on plasma cortisol level and behavioral pattern of Bengal tigers (Panthera tigris tigris). Pak. Vet. J. 31(3), 195-198. Retrieved from

Sellinger, R. L., Ha, J. C., 2005. The effects of visitor density and intensity on the behavior of two captive jaguars (Panthera onca). J. Appl. Anim. Welf. Sci. 8(4), 233-244. doi: 10.1207/s15327604jaws0804_1

Sheperdson, D. J., Carlstead, K., Mellen, J. D., Seidensticker, J., 1993. The influence of food presentation on the behavior of small cats in confined environments. Zoo Biol. 12(2), 203-216. doi:10.1002/zoo.1430120206

Skibiel, A. L., Trevino, H. S., Naugher, K., 2007. Comparison of several types of enrichment for captive felids. Zoo Biol. 26(5), 371-381. doi:10.1002/zoo.20147

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Soini, H. A., Linville, S. U., Wiesler, D., Posto, A. L., Williams, D. R., Novotny, M. V., 2012. Investigation of scents on cheeks and foreheads of large felines in connection to the facial marking behavior. J. Chem. Ecol. 38(2), 145-56. doi:10.1007/s10886-012-0075-0

Stafford, R., Goodenough, A. E., Kathy Slater, K., Carpenter. W., Collins, L., Cruickshank, H., Downing, S., Hall, S., McDonaldd, K., McDonnell, H., Overs, B., Spiers, L., Stettere, M., Zitzerc, H., Hart, A. G., 2012. Inferential and visual analysis of ethogram data using multivariate techniques. Anim.Behav. 83(2), 563-569. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.11.020

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Wedl, M., Bauer, B., Gracey, D., Grabmayer, C., Spielauer, E., Day, J., Kotrschal, K., 2011. Factors influencing the temporal patterns of dyadic behaviours and interactions between domestic cats and their owners. Behav. Process. 86(1), 58-67. doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2010.09.001

Weller, S.H., Bennett, C. L., 2001. Twenty-four hour activity budgets and patterns of behavior in captive ocelots (Leopardus pardalis). Appl. Anim.Behav. Sci. 71, 67-79. doi:10.1016/S0168-1591(00)00169-6

Wells, D. L., Egli, J.M., 2004. The influence of olfactory enrichment on the behaviour of captive black-footed cats, Felis nigripes. Appl. Anim.Behav. Sci. 85(1), 107-119. doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2003.08.013

White, B. C., Houser, L. A., Fuller, J. A., Taylor, S., Elliott, J. L., 2003. Activity-based exhibition of five mammalian species: Evaluation of behavioral changes. Zoo Biol. 22(3), 269-285. doi:10.1002/zoo.10085

Wielebnowski, N., Brown, J. L., 1998. Behavioral correlates of physiological estrus in cheetahs. Zoo Biol. 17(3), 193-209.

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