Answer the Following Questions. Read All Directions and Questions Carefully. Illegible

HU3700: Exam 1 Fall, 2003

Answer the following questions. Read all directions and questions carefully. Illegible answers will receive no credit.

Part I. Fill-in-the-blank: For each of the following sentences, find the item in the attached list that best completes the sentence. Note that not all items in the list will be used. Some items may be used to answer more than one question. Give your answers by writing the letters corresponding to the correct answers to the questions—1. s, 2. mm, etc. Write your answers in the space provided at the end of the exam questions. (2 points each)

1. A(n) ______is a statement that gives (all or part of) the meaning of a theoretical term by using the pretheoretical terms of the theory
2. In the ______the earth is the center of the universe.
3. A(n) ______term of a theory is one that refer to an empirical phenomenon with which we are already familiar (e.g., “volume,” “temperature,” “mass”)
4. A statement of the form “If conditions of type F occurs, then conditions of type G are (highly) likely to occur” is a(n) ______.
5. ______is the view that the meaning of every scientific term must be specifiable by identifying a definite testing operation that provides a criterion for its application.
6. A(n) ______argument is an argument that is intended to be valid.
7. A(n) ______principle is a theoretical principle that does not use any pretheoretical terms.
8. The ______is that when two operations can be applied for the definition of the same term, they must yield the same results.
9. A(n) ______of a hypothesis is the proposition that, under certain experimental or observational conditions, certain results will follow.
10. A(n) argument is ______if it is inconceivable that the premises are all true and, at the same time, the conclusion is false.
11. In ______explanations, statements of the form “Whenever conditions of kind F occur, conditions of kind G will always occur” are involved.
12. A(n) ______principle of a theory links the pretheoretical terms with the theoretical terms of the theory.
13. A(n) ______is a statement that has the outward appearance of a scientific hypothesis but fails the condition of empirical testability in principle.
14. A(n) ______definition is the specification of a testing operation that provides a criterion for the application of a term (e.g., rules of measurement)
15. According to (the) ______, hypotheses are invented to solve problems or answer questions rather than derived from indiscriminately collected data.

16.A(n) ______is an idea about how to explain some fact or set of facts

17.A(n) ______hypothesis is a hypothesis other than the test hypothesis which is assumed to be true and is needed to derive the test implication

1. A(n) ______argument is not intended to be valid.
2. A(n) ______is a statement of the form, “Whenever conditions of kind F occur, conditions of kind G will always occur” that is not an accidental generalization.
3. A hypothesis is ______if there is some conceivable observation or experiment the results of which would determine the truth or falsity of the hypothesis’s test implication.

Part II. Answer two questions in Set A and two questions in Set B below (for a total of 4 questions). Indicate clearly which questions you are answering. Make your answers concise but complete. Avoid irrelevant discussion. Say exactly what you mean. Do not expect the grader to interpret your writing or to “read between the lines.” Write your answers on separate sheets. (15 points each)

Set A

1. What is an auxiliary hypothesis? Give an example. What is a crucial experiment? Why does Hempel believe that “strictly construed, a crucial experiment is impossible in science”? Be specific.
2. What is deductive reasoning? What is inductive reasoning? According to Hempel, in what ways is deductive reasoning involved in testing hypotheses? Give an example. According to Hempel, in what ways is inductive reasoning involved in testing hypotheses? Give an example. Explain how each of your examples works.
3. What does Hempel mean by the distinction between deriving hypotheses from facts and inventing hypotheses to explain the facts? Give an example to illustrate the difference. Which method of arriving at hypotheses does Hempel believe more accurately describes how scientists carry out their investigations?

Set B

1. What are deductive-nomological explanations? What are probabilistic explanations? Compare and contrast the two types of explanations, and give an example of each.
2. What is a scientific theory? How do scientific theories differ from other types of scientific laws? Why, according to Hempel, do we need theories in science? Be specific.
3. What was the Copernican Revolution? What was so revolutionary about it? In what major ways did the Copernican system differ from the Aristotelian-Ptolemaic system? In what ways was the Copernican system modified by the later work of Brahe and Kepler? Be specific.

Below is the list of terms for Part I. Note that the items are in alphabetical order.

1. accidental generalization
2. ad hoc hypothesis
3. annular parallax
4. Aristotelian-Ptolemaic

1. Aristotle
2. auxiliary
3. Brahe, Tycho
4. bridge
5. celestial sphere
6. confirmation
7. contextual
8. Copernican revolution
9. Copernicus, Nicolaus
10. counterfactual
11. crucial test/experiment
12. deductive
13. deductive-nomological
14. descriptive
15. determinism
16. disconfirmation
17. empirical
18. epicycle
19. experiment
20. explicit
21. extension
22. Galileo Galilei
23. hypothesis

1. inductive
2. intension
3. internal
4. interpretative

1. invalid
2. Kepler, Johannes
3. law (for a D-N
   explanation)
4. law of probabilistic

1. narrow inductivist

1. natural science
2. Newton, Isaac
3. non-empirical
4. observable
5. observation
6. operational
7. operationism
8. partial
9. pretheoretical
10. probabilistic laws
11. probability
12. pseudo-hypothesis
13. pseudo-science

1. Ptolemy
2. relative frequency
3. requirement of
   consistency
4. requirement of
   explanatory

1. requirement of

1. scientific explanation
2. scientific method
3. simplicity
4. statistical
5. stipulative
6. subjunctive
7. sublunar sphere
8. systematic import
9. test implication
10. testability
11. testable in

1. theoretical entity
2. theoretical term
3. theory
4. valid
5. wider inductivist
   conception
   of scientific

Part I Answers:

1.6.11.16.

2.7.12.17.

3.8.13.18.

4.9.14.19.

5. 10. 15.20.